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| <mainDescription><h3> |
| Background |
| </h3> |
| <p> |
| The Unified Method Architecture (UMA) has been developed with the aim to unify the representation schemata and |
| terminology of all method and process engineering approaches within IBM as well as to support the most important |
| standards in industry.&nbsp; Hence, as shown in the figure below, UMA has been developed in a collaborative effort by |
| the architects of the IBM Rational Unified Process (RUP), IBM Global Services Method (GS Method), and IBM Rational |
| Summit Ascendant.&nbsp; In addition to this core group of architects, stakeholders of many other development process |
| initiatives within and outside of IBM reviewed and contributed to the specification.&nbsp; The specification itself has |
| been submitted to the <a href="http://www.omg.org/" target="_blank">OMG</a>&nbsp;as a proposal for the <a |
| href="http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?ad/2004-11-4" target="_blank">SPEM 2.0 standard</a>.&nbsp; Because, the RUP 2003 |
| meta-model had been developed based on the current <a href="http://www.omg.org/technology/documents/formal/spem.htm" |
| target="_blank">SPEM 1.1 standard</a>, this SPEM 2.0 draft proposal can be seen as a significant but continuous |
| evolution of that standard. |
| </p> |
| <center> |
| <img alt="Picture showing the evolution of the Unified Method Architecture" src="./resources/uma-evo.gif" /> |
| </center> |
| <p> |
| The main goal of this unification was to come up with one set of terms and data structures that allows all of these |
| methods and processes to be expressed without&nbsp;losing key characteristics.&nbsp; For example, UMA had to be |
| designed to support many different lifecycle models: the RUP iterative development lifecycle, incremental GS Method |
| lifecycles, and Summit Ascendant waterfall and iterative lifecycles.&nbsp; In addition, terminology differences needed |
| to be resolved: What RUP would call an Activity was called Task in GS Method, RUP would speak of Artifacts where Summit |
| Ascendant would define Deliverables, and so on. |
| </p> |
| <h3> |
| Changes in UMA for RUP 2003 Users |
| </h3> |
| <p> |
| As a result of defining just one data structure and more importantly one terminology for all of these approaches, |
| compromises and changes had to be accepted by all stakeholders. Although these changes might be disturbing to the |
| current RUP user, on the long run they will benefit from one broadly used unified terminology and standardized way of |
| expressing method content and processes improving communication about processes and facilitating reuse.&nbsp; The |
| following list summarizes the most important changes to the RUP 2003 meta-model.&nbsp; The table at the end of this |
| page provides you with a complete terminology comparison of all the key sources for UMA. |
| </p> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <strong>Activities have been renamed to task</strong>: To provide a tighter link to process enactment and project |
| management we renamed the lowest assignable units of work to Task, because this is the term most commonly used. |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <strong>Workflow details renamed to activity</strong>: Workflows are commonly expressed in hierarchies of activity |
| diagrams (e.g. activity diagrams defined in the UML 2.0).&nbsp; Although RUP only provided one level of workflow |
| breakdown, UMA is designed to provide multiple levels of such a breakdown. Because the word Activity was more |
| commonly used to express the elements of activity diagrams as well as the activity diagram itself, we decided to |
| replace the name Workflow Detail used in RUP with the name Activity.&nbsp; We realize that the shift in the usage |
| of the word Activity might cause confusion with existing RUP users.&nbsp; However, one important goal of the UMA |
| work was to use terms in the way they are most commonly used in standards and industry.&nbsp; |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <strong>Tasks (former RUP Activities) can be performed by many roles</strong>:&nbsp; In RUP 2003 an activity was |
| modeled as an operation of a role.&nbsp; Customer feedback, a look at other process modeling approaches, as well as |
| changes introduced in UML 2.0 indicated that this was a too restrictive way of modeling human behavior.&nbsp; This |
| approach did not allow expressing that some work was performed as a collaboration of different roles.&nbsp; UMA |
| addresses this issue&nbsp;by making&nbsp;Task an independent model element to which performing roles can be |
| assigned as resources.&nbsp; UMA therefore now allows several roles to be assigned to a task.&nbsp; For backward |
| compatibility, it still allows a primary performing role to be identified&nbsp;(being responsible for the task) as |
| well as several additional performers. |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <strong>Refinement of the artifact concept</strong>: RUP only used the concept of artifact to define things that |
| are used and produced in a development project.&nbsp; UMA defines an extended taxonomy for these concepts.&nbsp; It |
| defines the general concept of work product, which has three different specializations (specific work product |
| types): Artifacts (managed work products), Deliverables (packaged work products that will be delivered to a |
| stakeholder for review), and Outcome (unmanaged, intangible work products). |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <strong>Different categorizations for work products and roles</strong>: In RUP, artifacts and roles were all |
| categorized by discipline.&nbsp; However, sometimes artifacts were used across disciplines and a categorization to |
| only one discipline caused confusion.&nbsp; In UMA different categories have been defined for work definitions |
| (discipline for tasks and activities), work products (domain and work product kind), and roles (role sets).&nbsp; |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <strong>Process Components renamed to Method Package</strong>: The concept of component is commonly used in many |
| standards and technologies. Most applications of component link it to the abstraction of encapsulation defining a |
| component as a black box which can be used via well-defined interfaces. RUP components did not fulfill this black |
| box criterion. Also the SPEM standard defined packages as well as components. To be compliant to SPEM and the |
| industry usage of the word component, we renamed Process Component to Method Package. (It is technically a 'method' |
| because it can contain method elements or process elements.) |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <strong>Separation of method content elements from process elements</strong>: In RUP 2003&nbsp;you created a new |
| process by defining a new configuration and documenting manually in a development case artifact changes to standard |
| RUP.&nbsp; UMA provides extended concepts in addition to the configuration concept for tailoring processes.&nbsp; |
| It allows you to model concretely for a process what work defined in the method content you want to actually do in |
| each phase, because you can easily add, remove, and reorder elements in the process structure, reusing or not |
| reusing whatever you want from the method content. It achieves these features by a more clear separation of method |
| content (e.g. tasks defined for disciplines) and the application of method content in process (expressed with |
| activity diagrams and/or work breakdown structures) as well as the modeling of processes (i.e. creating new or |
| adapted activity diagrams or new or adapted work breakdown structures).&nbsp; It introduces a few new concepts such |
| as descriptor that support this separation and achieve new capabilities for maintaining and reusing many different |
| families of alternative processes and process parts all within the same configuration. |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| <h3> |
| Terminology Comparison |
| </h3> |
| The following table shows how the UMA terminology maps to terms used in other process engineering approaches.<br /> |
| <br /> |
| <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="938" border="1"> |
| <colgroup> |
| <col style="WIDTH: 48pt" width="64" /> |
| <col style="WIDTH: 176pt" width="235" /> |
| <col style="WIDTH: 117pt" width="156" /> |
| <col style="WIDTH: 108pt" width="144" /> |
| <col style="WIDTH: 139pt" width="185" /> |
| <col style="WIDTH: 116pt" width="154" /> |
| </colgroup> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr bgcolor="#cccccc" height="17"> |
| <td width="64" height="17"> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td width="235"> |
| <b>UMA/RMC</b> |
| </td> |
| <td width="156"> |
| <b>RUP 2003</b> |
| </td> |
| <td width="144"> |
| <b>SUMMIT</b> |
| </td> |
| <td width="185"> |
| <b>IGSM</b> |
| </td> |
| <td width="154"> |
| <b>SPEM 1.1</b> |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td colspan="2" height="17"> |
| Basic Method Elements |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td height="136" rowspan="8"> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Role |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Role |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Role |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Role |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Process Role |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Work Product |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Deliverable |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Work Product/Artifact |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Artifact |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Work Product Description |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Work Product |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Work Product/Outcome |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Task Outcome |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Work Product/Deliverable |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Deliverable Content Descripription |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Task |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Activity |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Activity |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Task |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Activity |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Step |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Step |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Step |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Subtask |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Step |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td colspan="2" height="17"> |
| Process Related |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td height="102" rowspan="6"> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Activity |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Workflow Detail |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Task |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Activity |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Work Definition |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Iteration |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Iteration |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Iteration |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Phase |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Phase |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Phase |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Phase |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Phase |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Capability Pattern |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Capability Pattern |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| (Process Component) |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Delivery Process |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Lifecycle/Configuration |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Route Map |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Engagement Model |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| (Process) |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td colspan="2" height="17"> |
| Categorization |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td height="85" rowspan="5"> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Discipline |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Discipline |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Module |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Discipline |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Domain |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| (Artifact Set) |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Domain |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Work Product Kind |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Role Set |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| (Role Set) |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Tool |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Tool |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td colspan="2" height="17"> |
| Method Packaging |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td height="102" rowspan="6"> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Method Plug-in |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Process Model Plug-in |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Process |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Method Package |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Process Component |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Package |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Method Package/Content Package&nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Package |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Method Package/Process Package |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Package |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Process Package/Process Component |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Process Component |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td colspan="2" height="17"> |
| Guidance Types |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td height="204" rowspan="12"> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Guideline |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Guideline |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Reference Paper |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Technique Paper |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Guideline |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Concept |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Concept |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Reference Paper |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Whitepaper |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Whitepaper |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Reference Paper |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Checklist |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Checklist |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Technique Paper (V&amp;V) |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Checklist |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Tool Mentor |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Tool Mentor |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Tool Guide |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Tool Mentor |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Template |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Templates |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Template |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Template |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Template |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Report |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Report |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Estimate |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Estimate |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Estimating Considerations |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Estimate |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Example |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Example |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Reference Item/Example |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Roadmap&nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Roadmap |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| Route Map Description |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Term Definition |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| (Glossary) |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| (Glossary) |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td> |
| Practice |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| <td> |
| &nbsp; |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| <br /> |
| <br /></mainDescription> |
| </org.eclipse.epf.uma:ContentDescription> |