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| </li> |
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| </li> |
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| <li class="subfolders"> |
| <a href="#"><span></span>→ Policies examples</a> |
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| <!-- Content Column --> |
| <div class="col-md-9" id="tg-sb-content"> |
| <div class="post-header"> |
| <h1 class="post-title-main">SSH tunneling</h1> |
| </div> |
| |
| |
| |
| <div class="post-content"> |
| |
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| |
| |
| <h2 id="ssh-tunneling">SSH tunneling</h2> |
| |
| <p>A managed connection supports establishing an SSH tunnel |
| (see section TCP/IP Port Forwarding of the |
| <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4254#section-7">Secure Shell (SSH) Connection Protocol, RFC4254</a>) which |
| is then used to connect to the actual target endpoint. |
| This is useful when the target endpoint is not directly accessible but only via SSH. For this purpose the connection |
| configuration must specify the <code class="highlighter-rouge">sshTunnel</code> section, which contains the necessary |
| information to establish a local SSH port forwarding. The tunneling supports password and public key authentication and |
| host validation using public key fingerprints. If the tunnel is enabled the connection will establish an SSH |
| tunnel and afterwards use this tunnel to connect to the actual endpoint.</p> |
| |
| <p>The example below establishes an SSH tunnel via <code class="highlighter-rouge">ssh-host:2222</code> to the remote endpoint |
| <code class="highlighter-rouge">tcp://mqtt.eclipseprojects.io:1883</code>, using plain authentication and enabled host validation:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-json highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"name"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"tunneled-connection"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"connectionType"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"mqtt"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"uri"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"tcp://mqtt.eclipseprojects.io:1883"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"sources"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}],</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"sshTunnel"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"enabled"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"uri"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"ssh://ssh-host:2222"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"credentials"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"type"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"plain"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"username"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"username"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"password"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"password"</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="p">},</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"validateHost"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"knownHosts"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"MD5:e0:3a:34:1c:68:ed:c6:bc:7c:ca:a8:67:c7:45:2b:19"</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> |
| </span></code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <div class="alert alert-info" role="alert"><i class="fa fa-info-circle"></i> <b>Note:</b> When using SSH tunneling, keep in mind that it can have an impact on the transmission |
| performance of your connection compared to transmission performance of a direct connection.</div> |
| |
| <h3 id="public-key-authentication">Public key authentication</h3> |
| |
| <p>An SSH tunnel can also be authenticated using public key authentication. The credentials provided in the SSH tunnel |
| configuration must then be of the type <code class="highlighter-rouge">public-key</code>:</p> |
| <div class="language-json highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="err">...</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"credentials"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"type"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"public-key"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"username"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"username"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"publicKey"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9.....</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">-----END PUBLIC KEY-----"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="s2">"privateKey"</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">MIIEvAIBADANBgkqhki....</span><span class="se">\n</span><span class="s2">-----END PRIVATE KEY-----"</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> |
| </span><span class="err">...</span><span class="w"> |
| </span></code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>The public key must be provided as PEM-encoded RSA key in <code class="highlighter-rouge">X.509</code> format. |
| The private key must be provided as PEM-encoded RSA key in unencrypted <code class="highlighter-rouge">PKCS8</code> format as specified by |
| <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7468">RFC-7468</a>.</p> |
| |
| <p>The following command can be used to convert a standard OpenSSL key in PKCS1 format to the PKCS8 format accepted by |
| Ditto:</p> |
| <div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>openssl pkcs8 -topk8 -nocrypt -in client-private.pem.key -out client-private.pem.pk8 |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <div class="alert alert-info" role="alert"><i class="fa fa-info-circle"></i> <b>Note:</b> Ditto does not make any sanity check regarding the provided credentials or the |
| provided SSH server, e.g. if the server uses outdated ciphers or insecure keys. So make sure you configure only trusted |
| servers that meet your security requirements. As an additional security measure, the user associated with the given |
| credentials should only have assigned the least required privileges (i.e. allow only local port forwarding but no |
| shell access).</div> |
| |
| <h3 id="ssh-host-validation">SSH host validation</h3> |
| |
| <div class="alert alert-info" role="alert"><i class="fa fa-info-circle"></i> <b>Note:</b> It is highly recommended enabling host validation for productive systems, it should |
| only be disabled for testing purposes.</div> |
| |
| <p>The accepted fingerprints can be provided in the format the standard command line tool <code class="highlighter-rouge">ssh-keygen</code> produces.</p> |
| |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| <div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>MD5:e0:3a:34:1c:68:ed:c6:bc:7c:ca:a8:67:c7:45:2b:19 |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| <p>The fingerprints are prefixed with an alias of the hash algorithm that was used to calculate the fingerprint. Ditto |
| supports the following hash algorithms for public key fingerprints: <code class="highlighter-rouge">MD5</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">SHA1</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">SHA224</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">SHA256</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">SHA384</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">SHA512</code>.</p> |
| |
| <p>Assuming the file <code class="highlighter-rouge">id_rsa.pub</code> contains the public key the following command produces a valid fingerprint that |
| can be used in the SSH tunnel configuration:</p> |
| <div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>ssh-keygen -lf id_rsa.pub -E md5 |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| <p>Or in case the public key is given in PKCS8 format:</p> |
| <div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>ssh-keygen -lf id_rsa.pub.pkcs8 -m PKCS8 -E md5 |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
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