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   <title>Pluggable Transports</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/docbook.css"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1"><meta name="keywords" content="jetty, servlet, servlet-api, cometd, http, websocket, eclipse, maven, java, server, software"><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Jetty"><link rel="up" href="http-client.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;22.&nbsp;HTTP Client"><link rel="prev" href="http-client-proxy.html" title="Proxy Support"><link rel="next" href="maven-and-jetty.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;23.&nbsp;Maven and Jetty"><link xmlns:jfetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.JavaSourceFetchExtension" xmlns:fetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.SourceFetchExtension" xmlns:d="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:l="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/xmlns/l10n/1.0" xmlns:xslthl="http://xslthl.sf.net" xmlns:gcse="http://www.google.com" xmlns:date="http://exslt.org/dates-and-times" rel="shortcut icon" href="images/favicon.ico"><link rel="stylesheet" href="css/highlighter/foundation.css"><script src="js/highlight.pack.js"></script><script>
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            Version: 9.3.28.v20191105</span></td><td style="width: 50%"></td></tr></table><div xmlns:jfetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.JavaSourceFetchExtension" xmlns:fetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.SourceFetchExtension" xmlns:d="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:l="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/xmlns/l10n/1.0" xmlns:xslthl="http://xslthl.sf.net" xmlns:gcse="http://www.google.com" xmlns:date="http://exslt.org/dates-and-times" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Pluggable Transports</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="http-client-proxy.html"><i class="fa fa-chevron-left" aria-hidden="true"></i> Previous</a>&nbsp;</td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter&nbsp;22.&nbsp;HTTP Client<br><a accesskey="p" href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-home" aria-hidden="true"></i> Home</a></th><td width="20%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="maven-and-jetty.html">Next <i class="fa fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div xmlns:jfetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.JavaSourceFetchExtension" xmlns:fetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.SourceFetchExtension" xmlns:d="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:l="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/xmlns/l10n/1.0" xmlns:xslthl="http://xslthl.sf.net" xmlns:gcse="http://www.google.com" xmlns:date="http://exslt.org/dates-and-times" class="jetty-callout"><h5 class="callout"><a href="http://www.webtide.com/">Contact the core Jetty developers at
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      </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="http-client-transport"></a>Pluggable Transports</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="section"><a href="http-client-transport.html#_http_1_1_transport">HTTP/1.1 Transport</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="http-client-transport.html#_http_2_transport">HTTP/2 Transport</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="http-client-transport.html#_fastcgi_transport">FastCGI Transport</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>Jetty&#8217;s HTTP client can be configured to use different transports to carry the semantic of HTTP requests and responses.</p><p>This means that the intention of a client to request resource <code class="literal">/index.html</code> using the <code class="literal">GET</code> method can be carried over the network in different formats.</p><p>A HTTP client transport is the component that is in charge of converting a high-level, semantic, HTTP requests such as "GET resource /index.html" into the specific format understood by the server (for example, HTTP/2), and to convert the server response from the specific format (HTTP/2) into high-level, semantic objects that can be used by applications.</p><p>In this way, applications are not aware of the actual protocol being used.
This allows them to write their logic against a high-level API that hides the details of the specific protocol being used over the network.</p><p>The most common protocol format is HTTP/1.1, a text-based protocol with lines separated by <code class="literal">\r\n</code>:</p><div class="screenexample"><pre class="screen">GET /index.html HTTP/1.1\r\n
Host: domain.com\r\n
...
\r\n</pre></div><p>However, the same request can be made using FastCGI, a binary protocol:</p><div class="screenexample"><pre class="screen">x01 x01 x00 x01 x00 x08 x00 x00
x00 x01 x01 x00 x00 x00 x00 x00
x01 x04 x00 x01 xLL xLL x00 x00
x0C x0B  D   O   C   U   M   E
 N   T   _   U   R   I   /   i
 n   d   e   x   .   h   t   m
 l
...</pre></div><p>Similarly, HTTP/2 is a binary protocol that transports the same information in a yet different format.</p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="_http_1_1_transport"></a>HTTP/1.1 Transport</h3></div></div></div><p>HTTP/1.1 is the default transport.</p><pre xmlns:jfetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.JavaSourceFetchExtension" xmlns:fetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.SourceFetchExtension" xmlns:d="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:l="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/xmlns/l10n/1.0" xmlns:xslthl="http://xslthl.sf.net" xmlns:gcse="http://www.google.com" xmlns:date="http://exslt.org/dates-and-times"><code>// No transport specified, using default.
HttpClient client = new HttpClient();
client.start();</code></pre><p>If you want to customize the HTTP/1.1 transport, you can explicitly configure <code class="literal">HttpClient</code> in this way:</p><pre xmlns:jfetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.JavaSourceFetchExtension" xmlns:fetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.SourceFetchExtension" xmlns:d="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:l="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/xmlns/l10n/1.0" xmlns:xslthl="http://xslthl.sf.net" xmlns:gcse="http://www.google.com" xmlns:date="http://exslt.org/dates-and-times"><code>int selectors = 1;
HttpClientTransportOverHTTP transport = new HttpClientTransportOverHTTP(selectors);

HttpClient client = new HttpClient(transport, null);
client.start();</code></pre><p>The example above allows you to customize the number of NIO selectors that <code class="literal">HttpClient</code> will be using.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="_http_2_transport"></a>HTTP/2 Transport</h3></div></div></div><p>The HTTP/2 transport can be configured in this way:</p><pre xmlns:jfetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.JavaSourceFetchExtension" xmlns:fetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.SourceFetchExtension" xmlns:d="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:l="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/xmlns/l10n/1.0" xmlns:xslthl="http://xslthl.sf.net" xmlns:gcse="http://www.google.com" xmlns:date="http://exslt.org/dates-and-times"><code>HTTP2Client h2Client = new HTTP2Client();
h2Client.setSelectors(1);
HttpClientTransportOverHTTP2 transport = new HttpClientTransportOverHTTP2(h2Client);

HttpClient client = new HttpClient(transport, null);
client.start();</code></pre><p><code class="literal">HTTP2Client</code> is the lower-level client that provides an API based on HTTP/2 concepts such as <span class="emphasis"><em>sessions</em></span>, <span class="emphasis"><em>streams</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>frames</em></span> that are specific to HTTP/2.</p><p><code class="literal">HttpClientTransportOverHTTP2</code> uses <code class="literal">HTTP2Client</code> to format high-level semantic HTTP requests ("GET resource /index.html") into the HTTP/2 specific format.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="_fastcgi_transport"></a>FastCGI Transport</h3></div></div></div><p>The FastCGI transport can be configured in this way:</p><pre xmlns:jfetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.JavaSourceFetchExtension" xmlns:fetch="java:org.eclipse.jetty.xslt.tools.SourceFetchExtension" xmlns:d="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:l="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/xmlns/l10n/1.0" xmlns:xslthl="http://xslthl.sf.net" xmlns:gcse="http://www.google.com" xmlns:date="http://exslt.org/dates-and-times"><code>int selectors = 1;
String scriptRoot = "/var/www/wordpress";
HttpClientTransportOverFCGI transport = new HttpClientTransportOverFCGI(selectors, false, scriptRoot);

HttpClient client = new HttpClient(transport, null);
client.start();</code></pre><p>In order to make requests using the FastCGI transport, you need to have a FastCGI server such as <a class="link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP#PHPFPM" target="_top">PHP-FPM</a> (see also <a class="link" href="http://php.net/manual/en/install.fpm.php" target="_top">http://php.net/manual/en/install.fpm.php</a>).</p><p>The FastCGI transport is primarily used by Jetty&#8217;s <a class="link" href="fastcgi.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;17.&nbsp;FastCGI Support">FastCGI support</a> to serve PHP pages (WordPress for example).</p></div></div><script type="text/javascript">
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