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| <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2014 15:10:14 GMT</pubDate> |
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| <title>Re: [stem-ebola] WHO seems to acknowledge (rare) possibility of Ebola 'large droplet' transmission</title> |
| <link>http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00029.html</link> |
| <description> Hitchhiking on dust particles is probably a bigger threat into the forseeable future. A spatter of contaminated fecal material or body fluid dries on a dusty surface, flakes off into an air current and then?&gt; Date: Wed, 15 Oct 2014 22:34:50 -0600&gt; From: a...</description> |
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| <div dir='ltr'>Hitchhiking on dust particles is probably a bigger threat into the forseeable future. A spatter of contaminated fecal material or body fluid dries on a dusty surface, flakes off into an air current and then?<br><br><div>> Date: Wed, 15 Oct 2014 22:34:50 -0600<br>> From: alex@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br>> To: stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx<br>> Subject: [stem-ebola] WHO seems to acknowledge (rare) possibility of Ebola 'large droplet' transmission<br>> <br>> I understand the possibility of Ebola 'aerosol' transmission is a <br>> controversial topic. Ebola aerosol transmission is not well-studied, <br>> and existing experimental evidence is contradictory (some studies show <br>> it is possible in animals and primates, wile other studies show it is <br>> not possible).<br>> <br>> I remain unconvinced either way, at the moment. I think primarily Ebola <br>> is currently spreading via direct contact right now. But I don't want <br>> to make the classic logical fallacy... "Absence of evidence is not <br>> evidence of absence" So I'm going to keep an open mind on this one.<br>> <br>> In a WHO advisory email sent Monday 10/06 regarding Ebola, the following <br>> (curious) quotes were included:<br>> <br>> ----<br>> source: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/06-october-2014/en/<br>> <br>> “Theoretically, wet and bigger droplets from a heavily infected <br>> individual, who has respiratory symptoms caused by other conditions or <br>> who vomits violently, could transmit the virus – over a short distance – <br>> to another nearby person” -WHO<br>> <br>> [ED NOTE: So here WHO admits that 'large droplets' could spread Ebola, <br>> but do not give particle sizes. To me, this suggests that the droplets <br>> are of size 100 microns to 1000 microns in diameter. If this is the <br>> droplet size, these would be rapidly deposited on the mouth , face, or <br>> into the nasopharynx of the second individual. Particles of this size <br>> would be unlikely to remain suspended in air for any substantial period <br>> of time. If this WHO claim is true, Ebola would not be 'airborne' in a <br>> traditional understanding, but could transfer without 'direct contact' <br>> overt short distances, potentially through coughing, sneezing, or <br>> vomiting. This area needs immediate further research.]<br>> <br>> “[Transmission of Ebola] could happen when virus-laden heavy droplets <br>> are directly propelled, by coughing or sneezing (which does not mean <br>> airborne transmission) onto the mucus membranes [ED NOTE: MOUTH & <br>> NASOPHARYNX] or skin with cuts or abrasions of another person.” -WHO<br>> <br>> [ED NOTE: This statement is a bit contradictory. What is the definition <br>> for 'airborne' that we will all agree on? Is it a particle size range <br>> that WHO refers to? Does a particle have to land in the alveoli to <br>> become 'airborne'? Also, what is the source for expelled droplet <br>> material in this WHO example? Are we talking about Sputum? Saliva? <br>> Mucus? Do we know human levels of PFU/mL in these tissues during the <br>> phases of disease progression?]<br>> <br>> “However, the studies implicating these additional bodily fluids were <br>> extremely limited in sample size and the science is inconclusive. In <br>> studies of saliva, the virus was found most frequently in patients at a <br>> severe stage of illness.” -WHO<br>> <br>> [ED NOTE: So a low sample size... This means we need further research to <br>> either confirm or disconfirm this information. What about Sputum and <br>> Mucus during earlier stages of illness? When do these fluids start to <br>> have viral PFUs present within them in regards to the course of the <br>> disease? What about tissue tropism in the lung in the 2014 outbreak? <br>> Do we see viral titers in human lung? If so, what levels, in Ebola <br>> PFU/g of wet lung tissue?]<br>> <br>> “Epidemiological data emerging from the outbreak are not consistent with <br>> the pattern of spread seen with airborne viruses, like those that cause <br>> measles and chickenpox, or the airborne bacterium that causes <br>> tuberculosis” -WHO<br>> <br>> [ED Note: Agreed. We can model this quite well via direct contact. But <br>> this particular issue has way more questions than answers, particularly <br>> in regards to 'long-term' strategies over the next 8 to 36 months, as <br>> well as what are suitable levels of PPE for healthcare workers.]<br>> <br>> ----<br>> <br>> USAMRID reference regarding VHF and Filoviruses:<br>> <br>> "All of the VHF agents (except for dengue virus) are laboratory <br>> infectious hazards by aerosol, even though dengue virus has been <br>> nosocomially transmitted by blood splash. There aerosol infectivity for <br>> many VHF agents has been studied and measured in experimental animal <br>> models. VHF agents cause severe disease, and many have extremely high <br>> fatality rates."<br>> <br>> "In several instances, secondary transmission among contacts and medical <br>> personnel without direct body fluid contact exposure has been <br>> documented. These instances prompted concern of a rare phenomenon of <br>> aerosol transmission of infection. [...] A negative pressure isolation <br>> room is ideal."<br>> <br>> -USAMRIID, Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, Seventh <br>> Edition (September 2011)<br>> source: <br>> http://www.usamriid.army.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%207th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202011.pdf<br>> <br>> <br>> ----<br>> OPERON LABS COMMENTS:<br>> <br>> The controversy over 'airborne' transmission is unlikely to end anytime <br>> soon. Part of the problem is we do not have a universally agreed upon <br>> transmission of 'airborne'. (What aerosol particle sizes are we talking <br>> about? What are the levels of virus (PFU/mL) in these droplets? What <br>> biological materials are the droplets comprised of? etc).<br>> <br>> The size of an expelled particle determines whether it will be deposited <br>> in the nasopharynx, trachae, alveoli, or other surface. Many studies on <br>> aerosol deposition fraction involve drug-delivery rather than infectious <br>> viral particles.<br>> <br>> First, let's look at the epidemiology of aerosol particle sizes... Take <br>> for example sneezing...<br>> <br>> source: <br>> http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/88/20130560.long<br>> <br>> Characterizations of particle size distribution of the droplets exhaled <br>> by sneeze<br>> http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/88/20130560/T1.expansion.html<br>> <br>> Measured data and fitting curves of two sample sneezes:<br>> http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/88/20130560/F4.expansion.html<br>> <br>> "For the two peaks of the bimodal distribution, the geometric mean (the <br>> geometric standard deviation) is 386.2 µm (1.8) for peak 1 and 72.0 µm <br>> (1.5) for peak 2. " (sneezing)<br>> <br>> From the same study, everyday 'speech' results in the expulsion of <br>> aerosol particles of sizes ranges from 10 microns to 1000 microns, with <br>> an average of about 100 microns in diameter.<br>> <br>> We can thus expect sneezing to result in particle deposition mainly to <br>> the upper respiratory tract of another host (mouth, face, eyes, & <br>> nasopharynx) during coughing, talking, and sneezing. The question is <br>> not whether infected hosts expel PFU-laden aerosol particles. *The <br>> question is whether these particles contain any viral PFU (Plaque <br>> Forming Units)*. We simply don't know that critical fact here in 2014.<br>> <br>> At the present time, airborne transmission doesn't seem to be a <br>> significant mode of transmission. But we should definitely stay aware <br>> of this possibility, since it was referenced recently by the WHO.<br>> <br>> Droplet Size and Penetration of Respiratory Passages<br>> http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/army/fm/8-9/fig1-Ip2.gif<br>> <br>> source:<br>> http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio_delivery.htm<br>> <br>> <br>> <br>> <br>> <br>> _______________________________________________<br>> stem-ebola mailing list<br>> stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx<br>> To change your delivery options, retrieve your password, or unsubscribe from this list, visit<br>> https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola<br></div> </div> |
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| <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2014 15:07:08 GMT</pubDate> |
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| <author>j.p.hayesjr@xxxxxxx (John Hayes)</author> |
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| <item> |
| <title>Re: [stem-ebola] Ebola Rapid Antigen Tests re: Ira</title> |
| <link>http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00028.html</link> |
| <description> I heard on NPR from a pandemic expert of the Council on Foreign Relations that three companies are on the verge of submitting handheld Ebola testing devices to FDA for approval. Presumably, these can test to within 1/10,000,000 CL. I have no idea what mec...</description> |
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| <div dir='ltr'>I heard on NPR from a pandemic expert of the Council on Foreign Relations that three companies are on the verge of submitting handheld Ebola testing devices to FDA for approval. Presumably, these can test to within 1/10,000,000 CL. I have no idea what mechanism or method is used in these to indicate the presence of Ebola, but will advise whn have more verified details. Could help with point of contact screening at customs checkpoints and other appropriate locations-- if they are truly reliable and dependable.<br><br><div>> Date: Wed, 15 Oct 2014 19:37:04 -0600<br>> From: alex@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx<br>> To: stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx<br>> Subject: [stem-ebola] Ebola Rapid Antigen Tests re: Ira<br>> <br>> Thank you Ira for this very useful PDF.<br>> <br>> Ebola 'screening' is something I have been thinking about quite a bit <br>> lately, as well as discussing with my spouse, who works as a P.A. in a <br>> clinical setting. She is skeptical of lab testing because her clinical <br>> experience has indicated often high rates of false negatives in certain <br>> viral tests... Interestingly, she mentioned seeing a surprising amount <br>> of false-negatives in HIV-1 patients subsets. (Perhaps the HIV-1 PCR <br>> primers are different, or the antibodies do not bind as well? The <br>> reason is unclear. The lab ended up doing both a Western Blot and PCR <br>> on the HIV patient, who was eventually diagnosed after some initial <br>> confusion.)<br>> <br>> Anyway... I thought that really the world needs a way to reliably <br>> identify Ebola-infected patients at the time of symptom presentation (or <br>> before , if that's even possible at all)... Perhaps this can be <br>> achieved by slightly modifying existing innovative technologies.<br>> <br>> New Ebola screening technologies could check for infection using a <br>> 'rapid test' , perhaps something robust enough for both clinical use and <br>> field use. I published a post on the Operon Labs site suggesting the use <br>> of antibody technology somewhat like the OraQuick home HIV-1 test, which <br>> produces decent results within 20 minutes. In the article you posted <br>> Ira, they discuss the Lassa field test, which operates much in the same <br>> way as the home HIV OraQuick test. http://www.operonlabs.com/?q=node/13<br>> <br>> The only real limitation I see in Ebola testing is this statement -- per <br>> CDC (and I see no evidence to the contrary) -- is CDC writes that even <br>> highly sensitive tests like RT-PCR will sometimes be Ebola <br>> false-negative until 1-3 days after the onset of Ebola-symptoms. This <br>> problem makes the use of testing for 'early detection' of Ebola <br>> difficult and pointless, unless innovations are made in how the tests <br>> work.<br>> <br>> Digression: In existing Ebola 'confirmatory' tests at state labs and <br>> CDC, I've got to wonder what procedures are being used ... I'm not <br>> familiar with the exact procedures... For RT-PCR, what primers are being <br>> used, and what regions are they targeting? What are the primer <br>> sequences? Have the Ebola RT-PCR primers been adapted for the 2014 <br>> outbreak (if necessary)? I'd love to know the answers, but I don't at <br>> the moment.<br>> <br>> What the world really needs is a portable Ebola test that is very <br>> sensitive and accurate, and can be donated in large quantities. One way <br>> to do this is to start with a test (like the experimental Lassa field <br>> test) which uses 'blood drop' and 'on-the-spot' ELISA-type testing with <br>> a 'wick' so to speak.<br>> <br>> But even this would still suffer from the CDC's 1 to 3 day lag time in <br>> detection, relegating such testing to a mere 'rapid confirmatory' role <br>> rather than any disease surveillance role . This would help at the <br>> field hospitals, but it would not help with disease detection on <br>> transnational flights or large-scale clinical surveillance.<br>> <br>> One workaround to increase the surveillance capabilities of Ebola <br>> testing might be new ideas... Here is one of my ideas...Run an Ebola <br>> Blood 'rapid-antigen' test *after* blood fractionation using only the <br>> buffy coat from a vein draw (not a 'whole blood' drop). By testing the <br>> buffy coat (leukocytes) only after blood centrifuging, one might be able <br>> to develop a test with a far more accurate result, since PBMCs (minus <br>> the lymphocytes) are the early targets in Ebola infection.<br>> <br>> Additionally, another enhancements to an Ebola test that occurred to me <br>> (depending on whether ELISA/Antibody or PCR based) could use the <br>> following method...<br>> <br>> 1. Prior to the test, homogenize the 'buffy coat' leukocyte membranes to <br>> release and liberate the intracellular contents ... either ...<br>> 2A. Liberate / Extract Antigenic viral proteins from <br>> Monocytes/Macrophages (for ELISA type tests), or<br>> 2B. Liberate / Extract Targeted viral RNAs from Monocytes/Macrophages <br>> (for PCR).<br>> <br>> You could use a variety of disruption techniques like cell lysis buffers <br>> , and/or bead disruption, etc, depending on the needs of the <br>> application, and whether the tests need the proteins or the vRNA intact. <br>> The key would be to target only leukocytes... More preferably , only <br>> target Monocytes and Macrophages for testing.<br>> <br>> This latter suggested method (disruption / homogenization of leukocytes <br>> in the buffy coat) might increase the specificity and sensitivity of <br>> these 'rapid' Ebola tests, since the homogenization of leukocytes would <br>> 'de-cloak' the Ebola virus from it's early hiding spot in the Monocytes <br>> and Macrophages, exposing the infected cell contents to the test.<br>> <br>> Perhaps the false negative rates would go down, and the disease could <br>> potentially be detected earlier than is possible now.<br>> <br>> With some luck (if possible with such technology), we might be able to <br>> detect Ebola prior to manifestation of symptoms by looking specifically <br>> in isolated and homogenized Monocytes and Macrophages.<br>> <br>> In any case... I'm looking forward to your call next week Ira. I'm sure <br>> it will be a great discussion.<br>> <br>> Thanks,<br>> Alex<br>> <br>> On 2014-10-15 10:51, Ira Schwartz wrote:<br>> > See attached.<br>> > Ira<br>> > <br>> > On Wed, Oct 15, 2014 at 1:02 AM, <alex@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:<br>> > <br>> >> EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE - ex AFRICA (14): UN DOCTOR DIES, USA,<br>> >> PREVENTION<br>> >> <br>> > *********************************************************************<br>> >> A ProMED-mail post<br>> >> <http://www.promedmail.org [1]><br>> >> ProMED-mail is a program of the<br>> >> International Society for Infectious Diseases<br>> >> <http://www.isid.org [2]><br>> >> <br>> >> In this update:<br>> >> [1] UN doctor dies in Germany<br>> >> [2] USA: Texas contact quarantined<br>> >> [3] Prevention & false alarms<br>> >> <br>> >> ******<br>> >> [1] UN doctor dies in Germany<br>> >> Date: Tue 14 Oct 2014<br>> >> Source: NBC News [edited]<br>> >> <br>> > <http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-kills-united-nations-medic-hospital-leipzig-germany-n225151<br>> >> [3]><br>> >> <br>> >> A United Nations medical worker [originally from Sudan] who was<br>> >> infected with Ebola in Liberia has died despite "intensive medical<br>> >> procedures," authorities said Tue [14 Oct 2014]. The St. Georg<br>> >> hospital in Leipzig said the 56-year-old man, whose name has not<br>> >> been<br>> >> released, died overnight of the infection. It released no further<br>> >> details. The man tested positive for Ebola on 6 Oct 2014, prompting<br>> >> Liberia's UN peacekeeping mission to place 41 staff members who had<br>> >> possibly been in contact with him under "close medical<br>> >> observation."<br>> >> He arrived in Leipzig for treatment on 9 Oct 2014, where he was put<br>> >> into a special isolation unit...<br>> >> <br>> >> --<br>> >> Communicated by:<br>> >> Ryan McGinnis<br>> >> <ryan@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx><br>> >> <br>> >> ******<br>> >> [2] USA: Texas contact quarantined<br>> >> Date: Tue 14 Oct 2014<br>> >> Source: Star Telegram [excerpted, edited]<br>> >> <br>> > <http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-founder-donates-25-million.html?rh=1<br>> >> [4]><br>> >> <br>> >> "The lone person believed to have had direct contact with the Ebola<br>> >> [nurse] works at Fort Worth-based Alcon and was admitted to Texas<br>> >> Health Presbyterian Hospital with no symptoms," a company<br>> >> spokeswoman<br>> >> said...<br>> >> <br>> >> Alcon is a medical company that specializes in eye care products.<br>> >> The<br>> >> Alcon employee is being hospitalized as a precaution, the statement<br>> >> said, adding: "The Alcon associate has not shown any signs or<br>> >> symptoms<br>> >> of the Ebola virus. After consultation with the Texas Department of<br>> >> Health, we are confident that there is no risk for Alcon<br>> >> associates.<br>> >> We are working closely with the Centers for Disease Control and<br>> >> Prevention and the Texas Department of Health to ensure we are<br>> >> following proper public health measures." ...<br>> >> <br>> >> [Byline: Gordon Dickson]<br>> >> <br>> >> --<br>> >> Communicated by:<br>> >> Jonathan Ezekiel <jezekiel@xxxxxxx><br>> >> <br>> >> ******<br>> >> [3] Prevention & false alarms<br>> >> <br>> >> Belgium: No Ebola checks at Brussels Airport after flights from<br>> >> Liberia<br>> >> -----------------------------------------------<br>> >> Mon 13 Oct 2014: (NBC News) It's the classic airport scene: a man<br>> >> hugs<br>> >> his wife and 2 daughters at arrivals. But in this case, the<br>> >> traveler<br>> >> had just stepped off a plane from the Ebola-stricken Liberian<br>> >> capital<br>> >> of Monrovia, meaning that some might shy away from such embraces.<br>> >> "I've been screened before getting on the plane," he pointed out<br>> >> before heading for the exit. The twice-weekly flight from Monrovia<br>> >> to<br>> >> Brussels is now the only air link from that city to the European<br>> >> continent and is the route most Americans would likely travel on<br>> >> their<br>> >> way home. Thomas Eric Duncan, who died in a Dallas hospital last<br>> >> week,<br>> >> traveled to the U.S. from Liberia via Brussels...<br>> >> <br>> > <http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/no-ebola-checks-brussels-airport-after-flights-liberia-n223581<br>> >> [5]><br>> >> <br>> >> [Byline: Carlo Angerer & Becky Bratu]<br>> >> <br>> >> [The link shows Ebola advice posters at Monrovia airport. - Mod.JW]<br>> >> <br>> >> --<br>> >> Brazil: Man suspected of carrying Ebola tested negative again.<br>> >> -----------------------------------------------<br>> >> Mon 13 Oct 2014: (WSJ) A man suspected of carrying the ebolavirus<br>> >> was<br>> >> tested negative for the 2nd time, Brazil's Health Ministry said Mon<br>> >> [13 Oct 2014]. The test eliminates the possibility of Ebola, Health<br>> >> Minister Arthur Chioro told reporters. The man, identified by<br>> >> authorities as a 47-year-old from Guinea, one of the 3 countries<br>> >> hardest hit by the Ebola outbreak, was isolated at a Rio de Janeiro<br>> >> hospital... Doctors were still monitoring for other possible<br>> >> diseases,<br>> >> even after Ebola had been ruled out... Two blood tests were made,<br>> >> following standard protocol to deal with the deadly virus. Dozens<br>> >> of<br>> >> people who had contact with the man were monitored, but now they<br>> >> are<br>> >> no longer under watch, he said. The minister said the case showed<br>> >> Brazil is ready to deal with the epidemic. He also said that the<br>> >> risk<br>> >> of contagion in the country is low.<br>> >> <br>> > <http://online.wsj.com/articles/in-brazil-man-suspected-of-carrying-ebola-tested-negative-again-1413231294<br>> >> [6]><br>> >> <br>> >> [Byline: Paulo Trevisani]<br>> >> <br>> >> --<br>> >> Kenya ex South Sudan: passenger dies, Ebola negative<br>> >> ----------------------------------------------------------------<br>> >> Mon 13 Oct 2014: (Hara Ethiopia) Anxiety has gripped Kenya after a<br>> >> female passenger from South Sudan died on Saturday night [11 Oct<br>> >> 2014]<br>> >> from Ebola-like symptoms after arriving in the country. Health<br>> >> officials at Kenya's Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA)<br>> >> told<br>> >> Xinhua on Sun [12 Oct 2014] that the female passenger on board the<br>> >> Kenya Airways flight alighted at 6:45 p.m. with high fever and<br>> >> bleeding from the openings of her body. "We have not established<br>> >> what<br>> >> exactly caused the death, but medical officials including the<br>> >> director<br>> >> of medical services are carrying out tests to establish the cause,"<br>> >> an<br>> >> official who sought anonymity told Xinhua by telephone.<br>> >> <br>> >> The official said the female passenger who had arrived from Juba<br>> >> was<br>> >> later rushed to the hospital but died in the evening... The<br>> >> incident<br>> >> caused panic at the busy airport, which was immediately deserted<br>> >> for<br>> >> hours after the death of the passenger... Kenya is vulnerable<br>> >> because<br>> >> it is a major transport hub, with many flights from West Africa, a<br>> >> WHO<br>> >> official said...<br>> >> <br>> > <http://haraethiopiadotcom.wordpress.com/2014/10/13/ebola-outbreak-spreads-in-ethiopia-kenya-and-south-sudan-as-passenger-dies-at-kenyas-jomo-kenyatta-international-airport<br>> >> [7]><br>> >> <br>> >> [The passenger tested negative for Ebola virus disease:<br>> >> <br>> > <http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/article/2000137966/suspected-ebola-case-at-jkia-tests-negative<br>> >> [8]>.<br>> >> <br>> >> The Ethiopian and Kenyan governments said that they would not ban<br>> >> flights from the 4 countries hit by Ebola. Ethiopia's and Kenya's<br>> >> national carriers are major airlines connecting countries across<br>> >> Africa and have on their part been pursuing the usual flights into<br>> >> West Africa. Bole international airport [Addis Ababa] and Jomo<br>> >> Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) [Nairobi] so far haven't any<br>> >> infrared thermometers or non-contact thermometers to measure body<br>> >> temperature of in-bound and out-bound passengers for possible Ebola<br>> >> symptoms. - Mod.JW]<br>> >> <br>> >> --<br>> >> Nigeria: 850 solders returning from peacekeeping in Liberia [in<br>> >> March<br>> >> 2015] to be quarantined.<br>> >> <br>> > ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>> >> Mon 13 Oct 2014: (BellaNaija) Ever since the World Health<br>> >> Organization<br>> >> (WHO) declared Nigeria Ebola-free, the government has been doing<br>> >> everything within its power to ensure that status is maintained. As<br>> >> a<br>> >> result, precautionary measures are being taken as 850 Nigerian<br>> >> soldiers who are on a peace-keeping mission in Liberia, where the<br>> >> Ebola epidemic is rampant, return to Nigeria in March 2015.<br>> >> Arrangements are already being made to quarantine the soldiers in<br>> >> Gwagwalada, Abuja for 28 days before they rejoin their respective<br>> >> platoons, The Stream reports.<br>> >> <br>> > <http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/13/ebola-850-nigerian-soldiers-returning-from-liberia-to-be-quarantined/<br>> >> [9]><br>> >> <br>> >> --<br>> >> Sierra Leone: peacekeepers bound for Somalia quarantined over Ebola<br>> >> <br>> > ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br>> >> Tue 14 Oct 2014 (Reuters) A battalion of 800 Sierra Leone soldiers<br>> >> awaiting deployment as peacekeepers in Somalia has been placed in<br>> >> quarantine after one of its members tested positive for the deadly<br>> >> ebolavirus, military officials said on Tue [14 Oct 2014]. The<br>> >> soldiers<br>> >> were due to relieve the West African nation's contingent already<br>> >> deployed with Somalia's African Union peacekeeping mission, known<br>> >> as<br>> >> AMISOM. However, they will now be subject to a 21-day isolation<br>> >> period, a senior officer in Sierra Leone's army told Reuters,<br>> >> asking<br>> >> not to be named. Colonel Michael Samoura, spokesman of the Republic<br>> >> of<br>> >> Sierra Leone Armed Forces, confirmed that a member of the battalion<br>> >> had tested positive for the disease. He said the soldier was<br>> >> infected<br>> >> after leaving the military camp where the force is based without<br>> >> permission...<br>> >> <br>> > <http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/14/us-health-ebola-idUSKCN0I311420141014<br>> >> [10]><br>> >> <br>> >> [Byline: Umaru Fofana]<br>> >> <br>> >> --<br>> >> USA: Texas nurse's dog quarantined<br>> >> ------------------------------------------<br>> >> Mon 13 Oct 2014: (ABC News) Officials say a one-year-old King<br>> >> Charles<br>> >> Spaniel has been taken from the Dallas apartment of an<br>> >> Ebola-infected<br>> >> nurse and will be cared for at an undisclosed location. [The<br>> >> nurse's]<br>> >> apartment is being thoroughly cleaned after tests over the weekend<br>> >> confirmed she is infected. Dallas County Judge Clay Jenkins said<br>> >> Monday evening [13 Oct 2014] that the dog would be cared for in an<br>> >> "undisclosed location in a humane, caring way." City spokeswoman<br>> >> Sana<br>> >> Syed says the dog named Bentley will be comfortable and have toys<br>> >> to<br>> >> play with while he is monitored away from people.<br>> >> <br>> > <http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/dallas-officials-vow-care-ebola-patients-dog-26166242<br>> >> [11]><br>> >> <br>> >> --<br>> >> Communicated by:<br>> >> ProMED-mail<br>> >> <promed@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx><br>> >> <br>> >> [A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at:<br>> >> <http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106 [12]>.]<br>> >> <br>> >> [See Also:<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (13): Ethiopia susp., USA (TX)<br>> >> prevention 20141013.2859164<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (12): USA new case, Spain, more<br>> >> quarantined 20141012.2856660<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (11): Europe, threat to N. America,<br>> >> recurrence 20141011.2854247<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (10): WHO, UN, Liberia, medevac, S.<br>> >> Leone, USA 20141010.2851248<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (09): WHO, Spain, Australia,<br>> >> Canada,<br>> >> USA 20141009.2848352<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (08): US death, concern re. spread,<br>> >> travel ban 20141008.2843902<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (07): Europe cases, USA quarantine<br>> >> stations 20141007.2840925<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (06): Spain case, USA case, US case<br>> >> medevaced 20141006.2837374<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (05): USA ex Liberia, prevention<br>> >> 20141005.2834301<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (04): USA ex Liberia, prevention<br>> >> 20141004.2832236<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (03): USA ex Liberia, Germany case<br>> >> ex<br>> >> S. Leone 20141003.2830392<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (02): USA ex Liberia, prevention,<br>> >> false alarms 20141002.2827166<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa: USA ex Liberia, WHO<br>> >> 20141001.2823539<br>> >> Ebola virus disease - West Africa (184): USA (TX) first case ex<br>> >> Liberia 20140930.2819341]<br>> >> .................................................sb/jw/msp/ml<br>> >> *##########################################################*<br>> >> ************************************************************<br>> >> ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that<br>> >> are posted, but the accuracy and completeness of <br>> >> the<br>> >> information, and of any statements or opinions <br>> >> based<br>> >> thereon, are not guaranteed. The reader assumes all risks in<br>> >> using information posted or archived by ProMED-mail. ISID<br>> >> and its associated service providers shall not be held<br>> >> responsible for errors or omissions or held liable for any<br>> >> damages incurred as a result of use or reliance upon posted<br>> >> or archived material.<br>> >> ************************************************************<br>> >> Donate to ProMED-mail. Details available at:<br>> >> <http://www.isid.org/donate/ [13]><br>> >> ************************************************************<br>> >> Visit ProMED-mail's web site at <http://www.promedmail.org [1]>.<br>> >> Send all items for posting to: promed@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx (NOT to<br>> >> an individual moderator). If you do not give your full name<br>> >> name and affiliation, it may not be posted. You may unsub-<br>> >> scribe at <http://ww4.isid.org/promedmail/subscribe.php [14]>.<br>> >> For assistance from a human being, send mail to:<br>> >> <postmaster@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx>.<br>> >> ############################################################<br>> >> ############################################################<br>> >> <br>> >> List-Unsubscribe: http://ww4.isid.org/promedmail/subscribe.php [14]<br>> >> _______________________________________________<br>> >> stem-ebola mailing list<br>> >> stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx<br>> >> To change your delivery options, retrieve your password, or<br>> >> unsubscribe from this list, visit<br>> >> https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola [15]<br>> > <br>> > --<br>> > Dr. Ira B. Schwartz<br>> > Head, Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Section<br>> > Code 6792<br>> > Naval Research Laboratory<br>> > Washington, DC 20375<br>> > ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxxxxx<br>> > ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxx<br>> > <br>> > Links:<br>> > ------<br>> > [1] http://www.promedmail.org<br>> > [2] http://www.isid.org<br>> > [3]<br>> > http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-kills-united-nations-medic-hospital-leipzig-germany-n225151<br>> > [4]<br>> > http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-founder-donates-25-million.html?rh=1<br>> > [5]<br>> > http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/no-ebola-checks-brussels-airport-after-flights-liberia-n223581<br>> > [6]<br>> > http://online.wsj.com/articles/in-brazil-man-suspected-of-carrying-ebola-tested-negative-again-1413231294<br>> > [7]<br>> > http://haraethiopiadotcom.wordpress.com/2014/10/13/ebola-outbreak-spreads-in-ethiopia-kenya-and-south-sudan-as-passenger-dies-at-kenyas-jomo-kenyatta-international-airport<br>> > [8]<br>> > http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/article/2000137966/suspected-ebola-case-at-jkia-tests-negative<br>> > [9]<br>> > http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/13/ebola-850-nigerian-soldiers-returning-from-liberia-to-be-quarantined/<br>> > [10]<br>> > http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/14/us-health-ebola-idUSKCN0I311420141014<br>> > [11]<br>> > http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/dallas-officials-vow-care-ebola-patients-dog-26166242<br>> > [12] http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106<br>> > [13] http://www.isid.org/donate/<br>> > [14] http://ww4.isid.org/promedmail/subscribe.php<br>> > [15] https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola<br>> > <br>> > _______________________________________________<br>> > stem-ebola mailing list<br>> > stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx<br>> > To change your delivery options, retrieve your password, or<br>> > unsubscribe from this list, visit<br>> > https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola<br>> _______________________________________________<br>> stem-ebola mailing list<br>> stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx<br>> To change your delivery options, retrieve your password, or unsubscribe from this list, visit<br>> https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola<br></div> </div> |
| </td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded> |
| <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2014 15:04:55 GMT</pubDate> |
| <guid isPermaLink="true">http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00028.html</guid> |
| <author>j.p.hayesjr@xxxxxxx (John Hayes)</author> |
| </item> |
| <item> |
| <title>Re: [stem-ebola] Ebola Rapid Antigen Tests re: Ira</title> |
| <link>http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00027.html</link> |
| <description>********************************************************************* &lt;http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-kills-united-nations-medic-hospital-leipzig-germany-n225151 &lt;http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-founder...</description> |
| <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div dir="ltr"><div><div><div>Thanks Alex for sharing your ideas.<br></div>I do not understand all of them, since I am not trained as a micro-biologist, just a mere physicist/applied math gent.<br></div><br>Given that, I did have some experience with the use of antibody detection of very small molecules using antibody coated sensors. The problem is one of particle concentration that is very low, and how to get it sensed by interacting and binding with the antibody.<br><br></div><div>My idea at the time was coating a very thin tube with antibodies (which people can do) and then run the sample. However, the antibodies would not interact with the particles sufficiently due to poor mixing. So we decided to use pulsed pressure to induce mixing (turbulence) near the boundaries. Theoretically it worked, and experiments were going to be done, but then the fellow doing the experiments left for one of the intelligence agencies. So as far as I know, it is still up in the air. <br><br></div><div>I guess in the pre-symptomatic stage, the issues of getting any signature of the virus to the sensor is still a problem. In HIV and HepC, people are infected but still sub-threshold for detection (I have attached a paper which uses some techniques from population epidemic modeling applied to spontaneous viral clearance, and one of ours that discusses the original theory for epidemics.)<br></div><div><br>There is some work at the lab (NRL) in the Center for BioMolecular Science and Engineering that has been going on for real time detection of pathogens, but I have not heard much about it recently. I will find out what status, if any, is going on, maybe by next week. <br><br><br></div><div>All the best<br>Ira<br></div><div><br><br></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Wed, Oct 15, 2014 at 9:37 PM, <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:alex@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">alex@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">Thank you Ira for this very useful PDF.<br> |
| <br> |
| Ebola 'screening' is something I have been thinking about quite a bit lately, as well as discussing with my spouse, who works as a P.A. in a clinical setting. She is skeptical of lab testing because her clinical experience has indicated often high rates of false negatives in certain viral tests... Interestingly, she mentioned seeing a surprising amount of false-negatives in HIV-1 patients subsets. (Perhaps the HIV-1 PCR primers are different, or the antibodies do not bind as well? The reason is unclear. The lab ended up doing both a Western Blot and PCR on the HIV patient, who was eventually diagnosed after some initial confusion.)<br> |
| <br> |
| Anyway... I thought that really the world needs a way to reliably identify Ebola-infected patients at the time of symptom presentation (or before , if that's even possible at all)... Perhaps this can be achieved by slightly modifying existing innovative technologies.<br> |
| <br> |
| New Ebola screening technologies could check for infection using a 'rapid test' , perhaps something robust enough for both clinical use and field use. I published a post on the Operon Labs site suggesting the use of antibody technology somewhat like the OraQuick home HIV-1 test, which produces decent results within 20 minutes. In the article you posted Ira, they discuss the Lassa field test, which operates much in the same way as the home HIV OraQuick test. <a href="http://www.operonlabs.com/?q=node/13" target="_blank">http://www.operonlabs.com/?q=<u></u>node/13</a><br> |
| <br> |
| The only real limitation I see in Ebola testing is this statement -- per CDC (and I see no evidence to the contrary) -- is CDC writes that even highly sensitive tests like RT-PCR will sometimes be Ebola false-negative until 1-3 days after the onset of Ebola-symptoms. This problem makes the use of testing for 'early detection' of Ebola difficult and pointless, unless innovations are made in how the tests work.<br> |
| <br> |
| Digression: In existing Ebola 'confirmatory' tests at state labs and CDC, I've got to wonder what procedures are being used ... I'm not familiar with the exact procedures... For RT-PCR, what primers are being used, and what regions are they targeting? What are the primer sequences? Have the Ebola RT-PCR primers been adapted for the 2014 outbreak (if necessary)? ÂI'd love to know the answers, but I don't at the moment.<br> |
| <br> |
| What the world really needs is a portable Ebola test that is very sensitive and accurate, and can be donated in large quantities. One way to do this is to start with a test (like the experimental Lassa field test) which uses 'blood drop' and 'on-the-spot' ELISA-type testing with a 'wick' so to speak.<br> |
| <br> |
| But even this would still suffer from the CDC's 1 to 3 day lag time in detection, relegating such testing to a mere 'rapid confirmatory' role rather than any disease surveillance role . This would help at the field hospitals, but it would not help with disease detection on transnational flights or large-scale clinical surveillance.<br> |
| <br> |
| One workaround to increase the surveillance capabilities of Ebola testing might be new ideas... Here is one of my ideas...Run an Ebola Blood 'rapid-antigen' test *after* blood fractionation using only the buffy coat from a vein draw (not a 'whole blood' drop). By testing the buffy coat (leukocytes) only after blood centrifuging, one might be able to develop a test with a far more accurate result, since PBMCs (minus the lymphocytes) are the early targets in Ebola infection.<br> |
| <br> |
| Additionally, another enhancements to an Ebola test that occurred to me (depending on whether ELISA/Antibody or PCR based) could use the following method...<br> |
| <br> |
| 1. Prior to the test, homogenize the 'buffy coat' leukocyte membranes to release and liberate the intracellular contents ... either ...<br> |
| 2A. Liberate / Extract Antigenic viral proteins from Monocytes/Macrophages (for ELISA type tests), or<br> |
| 2B. Liberate / Extract Targeted viral RNAs from Monocytes/Macrophages (for PCR).<br> |
| <br> |
| You could use a variety of disruption techniques like cell lysis buffers , and/or bead disruption, etc, depending on the needs of the application, and whether the tests need the proteins or the vRNA intact. The key would be to target only leukocytes... More preferably , only target Monocytes and Macrophages for testing.<br> |
| <br> |
| This latter suggested method (disruption / homogenization of leukocytes in the buffy coat) might increase the specificity and sensitivity of these 'rapid' Ebola tests, since the homogenization of leukocytes would 'de-cloak' the Ebola virus from it's early hiding spot in the Monocytes and Macrophages, exposing the infected cell contents to the test.<br> |
| <br> |
| Perhaps the false negative rates would go down, and the disease could potentially be detected earlier than is possible now.<br> |
| <br> |
| With some luck (if possible with such technology), we might be able to detect Ebola prior to manifestation of symptoms by looking specifically in isolated and homogenized Monocytes and Macrophages.<br> |
| <br> |
| In any case... I'm looking forward to your call next week Ira. I'm sure it will be a great discussion.<br> |
| <br> |
| Thanks,<br> |
| Alex<br> |
| <br> |
| On 2014-10-15 10:51, Ira Schwartz wrote:<br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| See attached.<br> |
| Ira<br> |
| <br> |
| On Wed, Oct 15, 2014 at 1:02 AM, <<a href="mailto:alex@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">alex@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx</a>> wrote:<br> |
| <br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE - ex AFRICA (14): UN DOCTOR DIES, USA,<br> |
| PREVENTION<br> |
| <br> |
| </blockquote> |
| ******************************<u></u>******************************<u></u>*********<br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| A ProMED-mail post<br> |
| <<a href="http://www.promedmail.org" target="_blank">http://www.promedmail.org</a> [1]><br> |
| ProMED-mail is a program of the<br> |
| International Society for Infectious Diseases<br> |
| <<a href="http://www.isid.org" target="_blank">http://www.isid.org</a> [2]><br> |
| <br> |
| In this update:<br> |
| [1] UN doctor dies in Germany<br> |
| [2] USA: Texas contact quarantined<br> |
| [3] Prevention & false alarms<br> |
| <br> |
| ******<br> |
| [1] UN doctor dies in Germany<br> |
| Date: Tue 14 Oct 2014<br> |
| Source: NBC News [edited]<br> |
| <br> |
| </blockquote> |
| <<a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-kills-united-nations-medic-hospital-leipzig-germany-n225151" target="_blank">http://www.nbcnews.com/<u></u>storyline/ebola-virus-<u></u>outbreak/ebola-kills-united-<u></u>nations-medic-hospital-<u></u>leipzig-germany-n225151</a><br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| [3]><br> |
| <br> |
| A United Nations medical worker [originally from Sudan] who was<br> |
| infected with Ebola in Liberia has died despite "intensive medical<br> |
| procedures," authorities said Tue [14 Oct 2014]. The St. Georg<br> |
| hospital in Leipzig said the 56-year-old man, whose name has not<br> |
| been<br> |
| released, died overnight of the infection. It released no further<br> |
| details. The man tested positive for Ebola on 6 Oct 2014, prompting<br> |
| Liberia's UN peacekeeping mission to place 41 staff members who had<br> |
| possibly been in contact with him under "close medical<br> |
| observation."<br> |
| He arrived in Leipzig for treatment on 9 Oct 2014, where he was put<br> |
| into a special isolation unit...<br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Communicated by:<br> |
| Ryan McGinnis<br> |
| <<a href="mailto:ryan@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">ryan@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</a>><br> |
| <br> |
| ******<br> |
| [2] USA: Texas contact quarantined<br> |
| Date: Tue 14 Oct 2014<br> |
| Source: Star Telegram [excerpted, edited]<br> |
| <br> |
| </blockquote> |
| <<a href="http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-founder-donates-25-million.html?rh=1" target="_blank">http://www.star-telegram.com/<u></u>2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-<u></u>founder-donates-25-million.<u></u>html?rh=1</a><br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| [4]><br> |
| <br> |
| "The lone person believed to have had direct contact with the Ebola<br> |
| [nurse] works at Fort Worth-based Alcon and was admitted to Texas<br> |
| Health Presbyterian Hospital with no symptoms," a company<br> |
| spokeswoman<br> |
| said...<br> |
| <br> |
| Alcon is a medical company that specializes in eye care products.<br> |
| The<br> |
| Alcon employee is being hospitalized as a precaution, the statement<br> |
| said, adding: "The Alcon associate has not shown any signs or<br> |
| symptoms<br> |
| of the Ebola virus. After consultation with the Texas Department of<br> |
| Health, we are confident that there is no risk for Alcon<br> |
| associates.<br> |
| We are working closely with the Centers for Disease Control and<br> |
| Prevention and the Texas Department of Health to ensure we are<br> |
| following proper public health measures." ...<br> |
| <br> |
| [Byline: Gordon Dickson]<br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Communicated by:<br> |
| Jonathan Ezekiel <<a href="mailto:jezekiel@xxxxxxx" target="_blank">jezekiel@xxxxxxx</a>><br> |
| <br> |
| ******<br> |
| [3] Prevention & false alarms<br> |
| <br> |
| Belgium: No Ebola checks at Brussels Airport after flights from<br> |
| Liberia<br> |
| ------------------------------<u></u>-----------------<br> |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (NBC News) It's the classic airport scene: a man<br> |
| hugs<br> |
| his wife and 2 daughters at arrivals. But in this case, the<br> |
| traveler<br> |
| had just stepped off a plane from the Ebola-stricken Liberian<br> |
| capital<br> |
| of Monrovia, meaning that some might shy away from such embraces.<br> |
| "I've been screened before getting on the plane," he pointed out<br> |
| before heading for the exit. The twice-weekly flight from Monrovia<br> |
| to<br> |
| Brussels is now the only air link from that city to the European<br> |
| continent and is the route most Americans would likely travel on<br> |
| their<br> |
| way home. Thomas Eric Duncan, who died in a Dallas hospital last<br> |
| week,<br> |
| traveled to the U.S. from Liberia via Brussels...<br> |
| <br> |
| </blockquote> |
| <<a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/no-ebola-checks-brussels-airport-after-flights-liberia-n223581" target="_blank">http://www.nbcnews.com/<u></u>storyline/ebola-virus-<u></u>outbreak/no-ebola-checks-<u></u>brussels-airport-after-<u></u>flights-liberia-n223581</a><br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| [5]><br> |
| <br> |
| [Byline: Carlo Angerer & Becky Bratu]<br> |
| <br> |
| [The link shows Ebola advice posters at Monrovia airport. - Mod.JW]<br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Brazil: Man suspected of carrying Ebola tested negative again.<br> |
| ------------------------------<u></u>-----------------<br> |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (WSJ) A man suspected of carrying the ebolavirus<br> |
| was<br> |
| tested negative for the 2nd time, Brazil's Health Ministry said Mon<br> |
| [13 Oct 2014]. The test eliminates the possibility of Ebola, Health<br> |
| Minister Arthur Chioro told reporters. The man, identified by<br> |
| authorities as a 47-year-old from Guinea, one of the 3 countries<br> |
| hardest hit by the Ebola outbreak, was isolated at a Rio de Janeiro<br> |
| hospital... Doctors were still monitoring for other possible<br> |
| diseases,<br> |
| even after Ebola had been ruled out... Two blood tests were made,<br> |
| following standard protocol to deal with the deadly virus. Dozens<br> |
| of<br> |
| people who had contact with the man were monitored, but now they<br> |
| are<br> |
| no longer under watch, he said. The minister said the case showed<br> |
| Brazil is ready to deal with the epidemic. He also said that the<br> |
| risk<br> |
| of contagion in the country is low.<br> |
| <br> |
| </blockquote> |
| <<a href="http://online.wsj.com/articles/in-brazil-man-suspected-of-carrying-ebola-tested-negative-again-1413231294" target="_blank">http://online.wsj.com/<u></u>articles/in-brazil-man-<u></u>suspected-of-carrying-ebola-<u></u>tested-negative-again-<u></u>1413231294</a><br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| [6]><br> |
| <br> |
| [Byline: Paulo Trevisani]<br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Kenya ex South Sudan: passenger dies, Ebola negative<br> |
| ------------------------------<u></u>------------------------------<u></u>----<br> |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (Hara Ethiopia) Anxiety has gripped Kenya after a<br> |
| female passenger from South Sudan died on Saturday night [11 Oct<br> |
| 2014]<br> |
| from Ebola-like symptoms after arriving in the country. Health<br> |
| officials at Kenya's Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA)<br> |
| told<br> |
| Xinhua on Sun [12 Oct 2014] that the female passenger on board the<br> |
| Kenya Airways flight alighted at 6:45 p.m. with high fever and<br> |
| bleeding from the openings of her body. "We have not established<br> |
| what<br> |
| exactly caused the death, but medical officials including the<br> |
| director<br> |
| of medical services are carrying out tests to establish the cause,"<br> |
| an<br> |
| official who sought anonymity told Xinhua by telephone.<br> |
| <br> |
| The official said the female passenger who had arrived from Juba<br> |
| was<br> |
| later rushed to the hospital but died in the evening... The<br> |
| incident<br> |
| caused panic at the busy airport, which was immediately deserted<br> |
| for<br> |
| hours after the death of the passenger... Kenya is vulnerable<br> |
| because<br> |
| it is a major transport hub, with many flights from West Africa, a<br> |
| WHO<br> |
| official said...<br> |
| <br> |
| </blockquote> |
| <<a href="http://haraethiopiadotcom.wordpress.com/2014/10/13/ebola-outbreak-spreads-in-ethiopia-kenya-and-south-sudan-as-passenger-dies-at-kenyas-jomo-kenyatta-international-airport" target="_blank">http://haraethiopiadotcom.<u></u>wordpress.com/2014/10/13/<u></u>ebola-outbreak-spreads-in-<u></u>ethiopia-kenya-and-south-<u></u>sudan-as-passenger-dies-at-<u></u>kenyas-jomo-kenyatta-<u></u>international-airport</a><br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| [7]><br> |
| <br> |
| [The passenger tested negative for Ebola virus disease:<br> |
| <br> |
| </blockquote> |
| <<a href="http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/article/2000137966/suspected-ebola-case-at-jkia-tests-negative" target="_blank">http://www.standardmedia.co.<u></u>ke/health/article/2000137966/<u></u>suspected-ebola-case-at-jkia-<u></u>tests-negative</a><br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| [8]>.<br> |
| <br> |
| The Ethiopian and Kenyan governments said that they would not ban<br> |
| flights from the 4 countries hit by Ebola. Ethiopia's and Kenya's<br> |
| national carriers are major airlines connecting countries across<br> |
| Africa and have on their part been pursuing the usual flights into<br> |
| West Africa. Bole international airport [Addis Ababa] and Jomo<br> |
| Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) [Nairobi] so far haven't any<br> |
| infrared thermometers or non-contact thermometers to measure body<br> |
| temperature of in-bound and out-bound passengers for possible Ebola<br> |
| symptoms. - Mod.JW]<br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Nigeria: 850 solders returning from peacekeeping in Liberia [in<br> |
| March<br> |
| 2015] to be quarantined.<br> |
| <br> |
| </blockquote> |
| ------------------------------<u></u>------------------------------<u></u>------------------------------<u></u>------------------<br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (BellaNaija) Ever since the World Health<br> |
| Organization<br> |
| (WHO) declared Nigeria Ebola-free, the government has been doing<br> |
| everything within its power to ensure that status is maintained. As<br> |
| a<br> |
| result, precautionary measures are being taken as 850 Nigerian<br> |
| soldiers who are on a peace-keeping mission in Liberia, where the<br> |
| Ebola epidemic is rampant, return to Nigeria in March 2015.<br> |
| Arrangements are already being made to quarantine the soldiers in<br> |
| Gwagwalada, Abuja for 28 days before they rejoin their respective<br> |
| platoons, The Stream reports.<br> |
| <br> |
| </blockquote> |
| <<a href="http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/13/ebola-850-nigerian-soldiers-returning-from-liberia-to-be-quarantined/" target="_blank">http://www.bellanaija.com/<u></u>2014/10/13/ebola-850-nigerian-<u></u>soldiers-returning-from-<u></u>liberia-to-be-quarantined/</a><br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| [9]><br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Sierra Leone: peacekeepers bound for Somalia quarantined over Ebola<br> |
| <br> |
| </blockquote> |
| ------------------------------<u></u>------------------------------<u></u>----------------------<br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| Tue 14 Oct 2014 (Reuters) A battalion of 800 Sierra Leone soldiers<br> |
| awaiting deployment as peacekeepers in Somalia has been placed in<br> |
| quarantine after one of its members tested positive for the deadly<br> |
| ebolavirus, military officials said on Tue [14 Oct 2014]. The<br> |
| soldiers<br> |
| were due to relieve the West African nation's contingent already<br> |
| deployed with Somalia's African Union peacekeeping mission, known<br> |
| as<br> |
| AMISOM. However, they will now be subject to a 21-day isolation<br> |
| period, a senior officer in Sierra Leone's army told Reuters,<br> |
| asking<br> |
| not to be named. Colonel Michael Samoura, spokesman of the Republic<br> |
| of<br> |
| Sierra Leone Armed Forces, confirmed that a member of the battalion<br> |
| had tested positive for the disease. He said the soldier was<br> |
| infected<br> |
| after leaving the military camp where the force is based without<br> |
| permission...<br> |
| <br> |
| </blockquote> |
| <<a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/14/us-health-ebola-idUSKCN0I311420141014" target="_blank">http://www.reuters.com/<u></u>article/2014/10/14/us-health-<u></u>ebola-idUSKCN0I311420141014</a><br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| [10]><br> |
| <br> |
| [Byline: Umaru Fofana]<br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| USA: Texas nurse's dog quarantined<br> |
| ------------------------------<u></u>------------<br> |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (ABC News) Officials say a one-year-old King<br> |
| Charles<br> |
| Spaniel has been taken from the Dallas apartment of an<br> |
| Ebola-infected<br> |
| nurse and will be cared for at an undisclosed location. [The<br> |
| nurse's]<br> |
| apartment is being thoroughly cleaned after tests over the weekend<br> |
| confirmed she is infected. Dallas County Judge Clay Jenkins said<br> |
| Monday evening [13 Oct 2014] that the dog would be cared for in an<br> |
| "undisclosed location in a humane, caring way." City spokeswoman<br> |
| Sana<br> |
| Syed says the dog named Bentley will be comfortable and have toys<br> |
| to<br> |
| play with while he is monitored away from people.<br> |
| <br> |
| </blockquote> |
| <<a href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/dallas-officials-vow-care-ebola-patients-dog-26166242" target="_blank">http://abcnews.go.com/US/<u></u>wireStory/dallas-officials-<u></u>vow-care-ebola-patients-dog-<u></u>26166242</a><br> |
| <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"> |
| [11]><br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Communicated by:<br> |
| ProMED-mail<br> |
| <<a href="mailto:promed@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">promed@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx</a>><br> |
| <br> |
| [A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at:<br> |
| <<a href="http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106" target="_blank">http://healthmap.org/promed/<u></u>p/106</a> [12]>.]<br> |
| <br> |
| [See Also:<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (13): Ethiopia susp., USA (TX)<br> |
| prevention 20141013.2859164<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (12): USA new case, Spain, more<br> |
| quarantined 20141012.2856660<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (11): Europe, threat to N. America,<br> |
| recurrence 20141011.2854247<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (10): WHO, UN, Liberia, medevac, S.<br> |
| Leone, USA 20141010.2851248<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (09): WHO, Spain, Australia,<br> |
| Canada,<br> |
| USA 20141009.2848352<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (08): US death, concern re. spread,<br> |
| travel ban 20141008.2843902<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (07): Europe cases, USA quarantine<br> |
| stations 20141007.2840925<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (06): Spain case, USA case, US case<br> |
| medevaced 20141006.2837374<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (05): USA ex Liberia, prevention<br> |
| 20141005.2834301<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (04): USA ex Liberia, prevention<br> |
| 20141004.2832236<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (03): USA ex Liberia, Germany case<br> |
| ex<br> |
| S. Leone 20141003.2830392<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (02): USA ex Liberia, prevention,<br> |
| false alarms 20141002.2827166<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa: USA ex Liberia, WHO<br> |
| 20141001.2823539<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - West Africa (184): USA (TX) first case ex<br> |
| Liberia 20140930.2819341]<br> |
| ..............................<u></u>...................sb/jw/msp/<u></u>ml<br> |
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| ______________________________<u></u>_________________<br> |
| stem-ebola mailing list<br> |
| <a href="mailto:stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx</a><br> |
| To change your delivery options, retrieve your password, or<br> |
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| </blockquote> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Dr. Ira B. Schwartz<br> |
| Head, Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Section<br> |
| Code 6792<br> |
| Naval Research Laboratory<br> |
| Washington, DC 20375<br> |
| <a href="mailto:ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxxxxx</a><br> |
| <a href="mailto:ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxx</a><br> |
| <br> |
| Links:<br> |
| ------<br> |
| [1] <a href="http://www.promedmail.org" target="_blank">http://www.promedmail.org</a><br> |
| [2] <a href="http://www.isid.org" target="_blank">http://www.isid.org</a><br> |
| [3]<br> |
| <a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-kills-united-nations-medic-hospital-leipzig-germany-n225151" target="_blank">http://www.nbcnews.com/<u></u>storyline/ebola-virus-<u></u>outbreak/ebola-kills-united-<u></u>nations-medic-hospital-<u></u>leipzig-germany-n225151</a><br> |
| [4]<br> |
| <a href="http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-founder-donates-25-million.html?rh=1" target="_blank">http://www.star-telegram.com/<u></u>2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-<u></u>founder-donates-25-million.<u></u>html?rh=1</a><br> |
| [5]<br> |
| <a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/no-ebola-checks-brussels-airport-after-flights-liberia-n223581" target="_blank">http://www.nbcnews.com/<u></u>storyline/ebola-virus-<u></u>outbreak/no-ebola-checks-<u></u>brussels-airport-after-<u></u>flights-liberia-n223581</a><br> |
| [6]<br> |
| <a href="http://online.wsj.com/articles/in-brazil-man-suspected-of-carrying-ebola-tested-negative-again-1413231294" target="_blank">http://online.wsj.com/<u></u>articles/in-brazil-man-<u></u>suspected-of-carrying-ebola-<u></u>tested-negative-again-<u></u>1413231294</a><br> |
| [7]<br> |
| <a href="http://haraethiopiadotcom.wordpress.com/2014/10/13/ebola-outbreak-spreads-in-ethiopia-kenya-and-south-sudan-as-passenger-dies-at-kenyas-jomo-kenyatta-international-airport" target="_blank">http://haraethiopiadotcom.<u></u>wordpress.com/2014/10/13/<u></u>ebola-outbreak-spreads-in-<u></u>ethiopia-kenya-and-south-<u></u>sudan-as-passenger-dies-at-<u></u>kenyas-jomo-kenyatta-<u></u>international-airport</a><br> |
| [8]<br> |
| <a href="http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/article/2000137966/suspected-ebola-case-at-jkia-tests-negative" target="_blank">http://www.standardmedia.co.<u></u>ke/health/article/2000137966/<u></u>suspected-ebola-case-at-jkia-<u></u>tests-negative</a><br> |
| [9]<br> |
| <a href="http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/13/ebola-850-nigerian-soldiers-returning-from-liberia-to-be-quarantined/" target="_blank">http://www.bellanaija.com/<u></u>2014/10/13/ebola-850-nigerian-<u></u>soldiers-returning-from-<u></u>liberia-to-be-quarantined/</a><br> |
| [10]<br> |
| <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/14/us-health-ebola-idUSKCN0I311420141014" target="_blank">http://www.reuters.com/<u></u>article/2014/10/14/us-health-<u></u>ebola-idUSKCN0I311420141014</a><br> |
| [11]<br> |
| <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/dallas-officials-vow-care-ebola-patients-dog-26166242" target="_blank">http://abcnews.go.com/US/<u></u>wireStory/dallas-officials-<u></u>vow-care-ebola-patients-dog-<u></u>26166242</a><br> |
| [12] <a href="http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106" target="_blank">http://healthmap.org/promed/p/<u></u>106</a><br> |
| [13] <a href="http://www.isid.org/donate/" target="_blank">http://www.isid.org/donate/</a><br> |
| [14] <a href="http://ww4.isid.org/promedmail/subscribe.php" target="_blank">http://ww4.isid.org/<u></u>promedmail/subscribe.php</a><br> |
| [15] <a href="https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola" target="_blank">https://dev.eclipse.org/<u></u>mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola</a><br> |
| <br> |
| ______________________________<u></u>_________________<br> |
| stem-ebola mailing list<br> |
| <a href="mailto:stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx</a><br> |
| To change your delivery options, retrieve your password, or<br> |
| unsubscribe from this list, visit<br> |
| <a href="https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola" target="_blank">https://dev.eclipse.org/<u></u>mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola</a><br> |
| </blockquote> |
| ______________________________<u></u>_________________<br> |
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| <a href="https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola" target="_blank">https://dev.eclipse.org/<u></u>mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola</a><br> |
| </blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Dr. Ira B. Schwartz<br>Head, Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Section<br>Code 6792<br>Naval Research Laboratory <br>Washington, DC 20375<br><a href="mailto:ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxxxxx</a><br><a href="mailto:ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxx</a> |
| </div> |
| <p><strong>Attachment: |
| <a href="pdfrR5KqAXuY7.pdf" ><tt>chaudhury_journal.pone.0038549_2012.pdf</tt></a></strong><br> |
| <em>Description:</em> Adobe PDF document</p> |
| <p><strong>Attachment: |
| <a href="pdfUrSJIDRLCB.pdf" ><tt>Schwartz et al. - 2011 - Converging towards the optimal path to extinction Converging towards the optimal path to extinction.pdf</tt></a></strong><br> |
| <em>Description:</em> Adobe PDF document</p> |
| ]]></content:encoded> |
| <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2014 12:26:12 GMT</pubDate> |
| <guid isPermaLink="true">http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00027.html</guid> |
| <author>ira.schwartz@xxxxxxx (Ira Schwartz)</author> |
| </item> |
| <item> |
| <title>Re: [stem-ebola] WHO seems to acknowledge (rare) possibility of Ebola 'large droplet' transmission</title> |
| <link>http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00026.html</link> |
| <description>Hi Alex:Thanks for that one. If it is spread through aerosol, it would probably have a much higher rate of transmission. As you note, evidence is still out on that one. But it is definitely worth watching for.BestIraOn Thu, Oct 16, 2014 at 12:34 AM, &lt;alex@...</description> |
| <content:encoded><![CDATA[<div dir="ltr"><div><div><div>Hi Alex:<br></div>Thanks for that one. If it is spread through aerosol, it would probably have a much higher rate of transmission. As you note, evidence is still out on that one. But it is definitely worth watching for.<br></div>Best<br></div>Ira<br><div><div><br></div></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Oct 16, 2014 at 12:34 AM, <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:alex@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">alex@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">I understand the possibility of Ebola 'aerosol' transmission is a controversial topic. Ebola aerosol transmission is not well-studied, and existing experimental evidence is contradictory (some studies show it is possible in animals and primates, wile other studies show it is not possible).<br> |
| <br> |
| I remain unconvinced either way, at the moment. I think primarily Ebola is currently spreading via direct contact right now. But I don't want to make the classic logical fallacy... "Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence" ÂSo I'm going to keep an open mind on this one.<br> |
| <br> |
| In a WHO advisory email sent Monday 10/06 regarding Ebola, the following (curious) quotes were included:<br> |
| <br> |
| ----<br> |
| source: <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/06-october-2014/en/" target="_blank">http://www.who.int/<u></u>mediacentre/news/ebola/06-<u></u>october-2014/en/</a><br> |
| <br> |
| âTheoretically, wet and bigger droplets from a heavily infected individual, who has respiratory symptoms caused by other conditions or who vomits violently, could transmit the virus â over a short distance â to another nearby personâ -WHO<br> |
| <br> |
| [ED NOTE: So here WHO admits that 'large droplets' could spread Ebola, but do not give particle sizes. To me, this suggests that the droplets are of size 100 microns to 1000 microns in diameter. If this is the droplet size, these would be rapidly deposited on the mouth , face, or into the nasopharynx of the second individual. Particles of this size would be unlikely to remain suspended in air for any substantial period of time. If this WHO claim is true, Ebola would not be 'airborne' in a traditional understanding, but could transfer without 'direct contact' overt short distances, potentially through coughing, sneezing, or vomiting. This area needs immediate further research.]<br> |
| <br> |
| â[Transmission of Ebola] could happen when virus-laden heavy droplets are directly propelled, by coughing or sneezing (which does not mean airborne transmission) onto the mucus membranes [ED NOTE: MOUTH & NASOPHARYNX] or skin with cuts or abrasions of another person.â -WHO<br> |
| <br> |
| [ED NOTE: This statement is a bit contradictory. What is the definition for 'airborne' that we will all agree on? Is it a particle size range that WHO refers to? Does a particle have to land in the alveoli to become 'airborne'? Also, what is the source for expelled droplet material in this WHO example? Are we talking about Sputum? Saliva? Mucus? Do we know human levels of PFU/mL in these tissues during the phases of disease progression?]<br> |
| <br> |
| âHowever, the studies implicating these additional bodily fluids were extremely limited in sample size and the science is inconclusive. In studies of saliva, the virus was found most frequently in patients at a severe stage of illness.â -WHO<br> |
| <br> |
| [ED NOTE: So a low sample size... This means we need further research to either confirm or disconfirm this information. What about Sputum and Mucus during earlier stages of illness? When do these fluids start to have viral PFUs present within them in regards to the course of the disease? What about tissue tropism in the lung in the 2014 outbreak? Do we see viral titers in human lung? If so, what levels, in Ebola PFU/g of wet lung tissue?]<br> |
| <br> |
| âEpidemiological data emerging from the outbreak are not consistent with the pattern of spread seen with airborne viruses, like those that cause measles and chickenpox, or the airborne bacterium that causes tuberculosisâ -WHO<br> |
| <br> |
| [ED Note: Agreed. We can model this quite well via direct contact. But this particular issue has way more questions than answers, particularly in regards to 'long-term' strategies over the next 8 to 36 months, as well as what are suitable levels of PPE for healthcare workers.]<br> |
| <br> |
| ----<br> |
| <br> |
| USAMRID reference regarding VHF and Filoviruses:<br> |
| <br> |
| "All of the VHF agents (except for dengue virus) are laboratory infectious hazards by aerosol, even though dengue virus has been nosocomially transmitted by blood splash. There aerosol infectivity for many VHF agents has been studied and measured in experimental animal models. VHF agents cause severe disease, and many have extremely high fatality rates."<br> |
| <br> |
| "In several instances, secondary transmission among contacts and medical personnel without direct body fluid contact exposure has been documented. These instances prompted concern of a rare phenomenon of aerosol transmission of infection. [...] A negative pressure isolation room is ideal."<br> |
| <br> |
| -USAMRIID, Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, Seventh Edition (September 2011)<br> |
| source: <a href="http://www.usamriid.army.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%207th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202011.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.usamriid.army.mil/<u></u>education/bluebookpdf/<u></u>USAMRIID%20BlueBook%207th%<u></u>20Edition%20-%20Sep%202011.pdf</a><br> |
| <br> |
| <br> |
| ----<br> |
| OPERON LABS COMMENTS:<br> |
| <br> |
| The controversy over 'airborne' transmission is unlikely to end anytime soon. Part of the problem is we do not have a universally agreed upon transmission of 'airborne'. (What aerosol particle sizes are we talking about? What are the levels of virus (PFU/mL) in these droplets? What biological materials are the droplets comprised of? etc).<br> |
| <br> |
| The size of an expelled particle determines whether it will be deposited in the nasopharynx, trachae, alveoli, or other surface. Many studies on aerosol deposition fraction involve drug-delivery rather than infectious viral particles.<br> |
| <br> |
| First, let's look at the epidemiology of aerosol particle sizes... Take for example sneezing...<br> |
| <br> |
| source: <a href="http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/88/20130560.long" target="_blank">http://rsif.<u></u>royalsocietypublishing.org/<u></u>content/10/88/20130560.long</a><br> |
| <br> |
| Characterizations of particle size distribution of the droplets exhaled by sneeze<br> |
| <a href="http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/88/20130560/T1.expansion.html" target="_blank">http://rsif.<u></u>royalsocietypublishing.org/<u></u>content/10/88/20130560/T1.<u></u>expansion.html</a><br> |
| <br> |
| Measured data and fitting curves of two sample sneezes:<br> |
| <a href="http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/88/20130560/F4.expansion.html" target="_blank">http://rsif.<u></u>royalsocietypublishing.org/<u></u>content/10/88/20130560/F4.<u></u>expansion.html</a><br> |
| <br> |
| "For the two peaks of the bimodal distribution, the geometric mean (the geometric standard deviation) is 386.2 Âm (1.8) for peak 1 and 72.0 Âm (1.5) for peak 2. "Â (sneezing)<br> |
| <br> |
| >From the same study, everyday 'speech' results in the expulsion of aerosol particles of sizes ranges from 10 microns to 1000 microns, with an average of about 100 microns in diameter.<br> |
| <br> |
| We can thus expect sneezing to result in particle deposition mainly to the upper respiratory tract of another host (mouth, face, eyes, & nasopharynx) during coughing, talking, and sneezing. The question is not whether infected hosts expel PFU-laden aerosol particles. *The question is whether these particles contain any viral PFU (Plaque Forming Units)*. We simply don't know that critical fact here in 2014.<br> |
| <br> |
| At the present time, airborne transmission doesn't seem to be a significant mode of transmission. But we should definitely stay aware of this possibility, since it was referenced recently by the WHO.<br> |
| <br> |
| Droplet Size and Penetration of Respiratory Passages<br> |
| <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/army/fm/8-9/fig1-Ip2.gif" target="_blank">http://www.globalsecurity.org/<u></u>wmd/library/policy/army/fm/8-<u></u>9/fig1-Ip2.gif</a><br> |
| <br> |
| source:<br> |
| <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio_delivery.htm" target="_blank">http://www.globalsecurity.org/<u></u>wmd/intro/bio_delivery.htm</a><br> |
| <br> |
| <br> |
| <br> |
| <br> |
| <br> |
| ______________________________<u></u>_________________<br> |
| stem-ebola mailing list<br> |
| <a href="mailto:stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx</a><br> |
| To change your delivery options, retrieve your password, or unsubscribe from this list, visit<br> |
| <a href="https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola" target="_blank">https://dev.eclipse.org/<u></u>mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola</a><br> |
| </blockquote></div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br>Dr. Ira B. Schwartz<br>Head, Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Section<br>Code 6792<br>Naval Research Laboratory <br>Washington, DC 20375<br><a href="mailto:ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxxxxx</a><br><a href="mailto:ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxx" target="_blank">ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxx</a> |
| </div> |
| ]]></content:encoded> |
| <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2014 11:03:26 GMT</pubDate> |
| <guid isPermaLink="true">http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00026.html</guid> |
| <author>ira.schwartz@xxxxxxx (Ira Schwartz)</author> |
| </item> |
| <item> |
| <title>[stem-ebola] WHO seems to acknowledge (rare) possibility of Ebola 'large droplet' transmission</title> |
| <link>http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00025.html</link> |
| <description>I understand the possibility of Ebola 'aerosol' transmission is a controversial topic. Ebola aerosol transmission is not well-studied, and existing experimental evidence is contradictory (some studies show it is possible in animals and primates, wile other...</description> |
| <content:encoded><![CDATA[<tt>I understand the possibility of Ebola 'aerosol' transmission is a |
| controversial topic. Ebola aerosol transmission is not well-studied, |
| and existing experimental evidence is contradictory (some studies show |
| it is possible in animals and primates, wile other studies show it is |
| not possible).</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>I remain unconvinced either way, at the moment. I think primarily Ebola |
| is currently spreading via direct contact right now. But I don't want |
| to make the classic logical fallacy... "Absence of evidence is not |
| evidence of absence" So I'm going to keep an open mind on this one.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>In a WHO advisory email sent Monday 10/06 regarding Ebola, the following |
| (curious) quotes were included:</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">---- |
| source: <a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/06-october-2014/en/">http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/06-october-2014/en/</a></pre><br> |
| <tt>âTheoretically, wet and bigger droplets from a heavily infected |
| individual, who has respiratory symptoms caused by other conditions or |
| who vomits violently, could transmit the virus â over a short distance â |
| to another nearby personâ -WHO</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>[ED NOTE: So here WHO admits that 'large droplets' could spread Ebola, |
| but do not give particle sizes. To me, this suggests that the droplets |
| are of size 100 microns to 1000 microns in diameter. If this is the |
| droplet size, these would be rapidly deposited on the mouth , face, or |
| into the nasopharynx of the second individual. Particles of this size |
| would be unlikely to remain suspended in air for any substantial period |
| of time. If this WHO claim is true, Ebola would not be 'airborne' in a |
| traditional understanding, but could transfer without 'direct contact' |
| overt short distances, potentially through coughing, sneezing, or |
| vomiting. This area needs immediate further research.]</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>â[Transmission of Ebola] could happen when virus-laden heavy droplets |
| are directly propelled, by coughing or sneezing (which does not mean |
| airborne transmission) onto the mucus membranes [ED NOTE: MOUTH & |
| NASOPHARYNX] or skin with cuts or abrasions of another person.â -WHO</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>[ED NOTE: This statement is a bit contradictory. What is the definition |
| for 'airborne' that we will all agree on? Is it a particle size range |
| that WHO refers to? Does a particle have to land in the alveoli to |
| become 'airborne'? Also, what is the source for expelled droplet |
| material in this WHO example? Are we talking about Sputum? Saliva? |
| Mucus? Do we know human levels of PFU/mL in these tissues during the |
| phases of disease progression?]</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>âHowever, the studies implicating these additional bodily fluids were |
| extremely limited in sample size and the science is inconclusive. In |
| studies of saliva, the virus was found most frequently in patients at a |
| severe stage of illness.â -WHO</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>[ED NOTE: So a low sample size... This means we need further research to |
| either confirm or disconfirm this information. What about Sputum and |
| Mucus during earlier stages of illness? When do these fluids start to |
| have viral PFUs present within them in regards to the course of the |
| disease? What about tissue tropism in the lung in the 2014 outbreak? |
| Do we see viral titers in human lung? If so, what levels, in Ebola |
| PFU/g of wet lung tissue?]</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>âEpidemiological data emerging from the outbreak are not consistent with |
| the pattern of spread seen with airborne viruses, like those that cause |
| measles and chickenpox, or the airborne bacterium that causes |
| tuberculosisâ -WHO</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>[ED Note: Agreed. We can model this quite well via direct contact. But |
| this particular issue has way more questions than answers, particularly |
| in regards to 'long-term' strategies over the next 8 to 36 months, as |
| well as what are suitable levels of PPE for healthcare workers.]</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">----</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">USAMRID reference regarding VHF and Filoviruses:</pre><br> |
| <tt>"All of the VHF agents (except for dengue virus) are laboratory |
| infectious hazards by aerosol, even though dengue virus has been |
| nosocomially transmitted by blood splash. There aerosol infectivity for |
| many VHF agents has been studied and measured in experimental animal |
| models. VHF agents cause severe disease, and many have extremely high |
| fatality rates."</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>"In several instances, secondary transmission among contacts and medical |
| personnel without direct body fluid contact exposure has been |
| documented. These instances prompted concern of a rare phenomenon of |
| aerosol transmission of infection. [...] A negative pressure isolation |
| room is ideal."</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>-USAMRIID, Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook, Seventh |
| Edition (September 2011)<br> |
| source: |
| <a href="http://www.usamriid.army.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%207th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202011.pdf">http://www.usamriid.army.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%207th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202011.pdf</a></tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;"><br>---- |
| OPERON LABS COMMENTS:</pre><br> |
| <tt>The controversy over 'airborne' transmission is unlikely to end anytime |
| soon. Part of the problem is we do not have a universally agreed upon |
| transmission of 'airborne'. (What aerosol particle sizes are we talking |
| about? What are the levels of virus (PFU/mL) in these droplets? What |
| biological materials are the droplets comprised of? etc).</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>The size of an expelled particle determines whether it will be deposited |
| in the nasopharynx, trachae, alveoli, or other surface. Many studies on |
| aerosol deposition fraction involve drug-delivery rather than infectious |
| viral particles.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>First, let's look at the epidemiology of aerosol particle sizes... Take |
| for example sneezing...</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>source: |
| <a href="http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/88/20130560.long">http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/88/20130560.long</a></tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>Characterizations of particle size distribution of the droplets exhaled |
| by sneeze<br> |
| <a href="http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/88/20130560/T1.expansion.html">http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/88/20130560/T1.expansion.html</a></tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">Measured data and fitting curves of two sample sneezes: |
| <a href="http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/88/20130560/F4.expansion.html">http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/88/20130560/F4.expansion.html</a></pre><br> |
| <tt>"For the two peaks of the bimodal distribution, the geometric mean (the |
| geometric standard deviation) is 386.2 Âm (1.8) for peak 1 and 72.0 Âm |
| (1.5) for peak 2. " (sneezing)</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>From the same study, everyday 'speech' results in the expulsion of |
| aerosol particles of sizes ranges from 10 microns to 1000 microns, with |
| an average of about 100 microns in diameter.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>We can thus expect sneezing to result in particle deposition mainly to |
| the upper respiratory tract of another host (mouth, face, eyes, & |
| nasopharynx) during coughing, talking, and sneezing. The question is |
| not whether infected hosts expel PFU-laden aerosol particles. *The |
| question is whether these particles contain any viral PFU (Plaque |
| Forming Units)*. We simply don't know that critical fact here in 2014.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>At the present time, airborne transmission doesn't seem to be a |
| significant mode of transmission. But we should definitely stay aware |
| of this possibility, since it was referenced recently by the WHO.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">Droplet Size and Penetration of Respiratory Passages |
| <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/army/fm/8-9/fig1-Ip2.gif">http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/army/fm/8-9/fig1-Ip2.gif</a></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">source: |
| <a href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio_delivery.htm">http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/intro/bio_delivery.htm</a></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;"><br></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;"><br></pre><br> |
| <br> |
| ]]></content:encoded> |
| <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2014 04:34:57 GMT</pubDate> |
| <guid isPermaLink="true">http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00025.html</guid> |
| <author>alex@xxxxxxx (alex)</author> |
| </item> |
| |
| |
| <item> |
| <title>[stem-ebola] PRO/AH/EDR> Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (17): USA (Texas) 2nd nurse update</title> |
| <link>http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00024.html</link> |
| <description>EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE - ex AFRICA (17): USA (TEXAS) SECOND NURSE UPDATE ********************************************************************* A ProMED-mail post &lt;http://www.promedmail.org&gt; ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious ...</description> |
| <content:encoded><![CDATA[<pre style="margin: 0em;">EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE - ex AFRICA (17): USA (TEXAS) SECOND NURSE UPDATE |
| ********************************************************************* |
| A ProMED-mail post |
| <<a href="http://www.promedmail.org">http://www.promedmail.org</a>> |
| ProMED-mail is a program of the |
| International Society for Infectious Diseases |
| <<a href="http://www.isid.org">http://www.isid.org</a>></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">Date: 15 Oct 2014] |
| Source: Washington Post [edited] |
| <<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/10/15/ebola-stricken-nurse-flew-on-a-passenger-plane-a-day-before-being-diagnosed">http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/10/15/ebola-stricken-nurse-flew-on-a-passenger-plane-a-day-before-being-diagnosed</a>></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">Health-care worker with Ebola flew on commercial flight a day before |
| being diagnosed |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| The second health-care worker diagnosed with Ebola had a fever of 99.5 |
| degrees Fahrenheit [37.5 C] before boarding a passenger jet on Mon [13 |
| Oct 2014], a day before she reported symptoms of the virus and was |
| tested, according to public health officials. Even though there |
| appeared to be little risk for the other people on that flight, she |
| should not have traveled that way, Thomas Frieden, director of the |
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, said during a news |
| conference Wednesday. "She should not have flown on a commercial |
| airline," Frieden said.</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">This health-care worker flew on a Frontier Airlines flight from |
| Cleveland to Dallas-Fort Worth with more than 130 other passengers. |
| She did not have nausea or vomit on the plane, so the risk to anyone |
| around her is "extremely low," Frieden said. The health-care worker |
| was not named by public health officials... She was part of a team |
| that had cared for Thomas Eric Duncan, a Liberian man who flew to |
| Texas and was diagnosed with Ebola last month [September 2014], during |
| his hospitalization in Dallas. Duncan died last week. [A] nurse who |
| also cared for Duncan, was diagnosed with Ebola on Sun [12 Oct 2014] |
| and was in good condition Wed [15 Oct 2014], the hospital said.</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">[This 2nd nurse], who flew from Dallas to Cleveland on Fri [10 Oct |
| 2014], flew back to Texas on Mon [13 Oct 2014][, a day after [the 1st |
| nurse] was diagnosed. She reported a fever on Tue [14 Oct 2014] and |
| was isolated and tested for Ebola. Still, the fact that she boarded a |
| commercial flight raises the question of how much the other 50 |
| health-care workers who entered Duncan's room could have traveled or |
| moved around in recent days. The CDC recommends controlled movement on |
| private flights or vehicles for people who may have been exposed to |
| Ebola, Frieden said.</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">[By Mark Berman] |
| -- |
| Communicated by: |
| ProMED <www.promedmail.org></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">******* |
| Date: 15 Oct 2014 |
| Source: MyFox DFW [edited] |
| <<a href="http://www.myfoxdfw.com/story/26793235/ebola-patient-recently-flew-on-frontier-airlines">http://www.myfoxdfw.com/story/26793235/ebola-patient-recently-flew-on-frontier-airlines</a>></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">Officials with the CDC confirmed with FOX 4 Wed [15 Oct 2014] that |
| they told ... the Dallas health worker it was safe for her to fly Mon |
| [13 Oct 2014]. [She] had called and asked if it was OK to fly since |
| she had a low grade fever at the time. However, a top federal health |
| official said Wed [15 Oct 2014] that Vinson should not have flown on a |
| commercial plane. The event could raise concerns among travelers that |
| health officials aren't doing everything possible to contain the |
| virus. News that [she] flew on a commercial flight raised fear among |
| airline investors that the scare over the virus could cause travelers |
| to avoid flying. Shares of the biggest U.S. airlines tumbled between |
| 4 percent and 6 percent in afternoon trading. The overall market |
| slumped on concerns about slowing global economic growth.</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">Frontier Airlines announced that public-health officials were |
| notifying the 132 passengers on Monday night's [13 Oct 2014] Flight |
| 1143 from Cleveland to Dallas-Fort Worth. The airline's crew reports |
| that the woman showed no symptoms during the flight. Robert Mann, an |
| aviation consultant and former American Airlines executive, said that |
| if the 2nd worker showed no symptoms on her Frontier flight, the |
| decision to notify other passengers was made out of extra caution. |
| "But all that rational thought aside, it may cause some people to |
| delay trips," he said... - more |
| [By David Koenig] |
| -- |
| Communicated by: |
| Jonathan Ezekiel</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">******* |
| Date: 15 Oct 2014 |
| Source: CNN [edited] |
| <<<a href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/15/health/texas-ebola-outbreak/index.html?hpt=hp">http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/15/health/texas-ebola-outbreak/index.html?hpt=hp</a> |
| _t1><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/15/health/texas-ebola-outbreak/index.html?hpt">http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/15/health/texas-ebola-outbreak/index.html?hpt</a> |
| =hp_t1></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">2nd Texas health worker with Ebola will be moved to Atlanta |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| The 2nd Dallas health care worker who contracted the ebolavirus will |
| be moved from the hospital in Dallas to Emory University hospital in |
| Atlanta, U.S. health officials said Wednesday afternoon [15 Oct |
| 2014]... - more |
| [By Josh Levs & Holly Yan] |
| -- |
| Communicated by: |
| ProMED <www.promedmail.org></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">[The nurse had to get back to work in Texas. She did the right thing |
| by notifying her below threshold fever to CDC, and was cleared to |
| fly. |
| We are not told whether hospitals in Ohio have the same capacity to |
| handle Ebola as the newly reorganized Texas Health Presbyterian |
| Hospital. - Mod.JW</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: |
| <<a href="http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106">http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106</a>>, |
| <<a href="http://healthmap.org/promed/p/245">http://healthmap.org/promed/p/245</a>>.]</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">[See Also: |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (15): USA (Texas) 2nd nurse case |
| 20141015.2866172 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (14): UN doctor dies, USA, prevention |
| 20141014.2863794 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (13): Ethiopia susp., USA (TX) |
| prevention 20141013.2859164 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (12): USA new case, Spain, more |
| quarantined 20141012.2856660 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (11): Europe, threat to N. America, |
| recurrence 20141011.2854247 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (10): WHO, UN, Liberia, medevac, S. |
| Leone, USA 20141010.2851248 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (09): WHO, Spain, Australia, Canada, |
| USA 20141009.2848352 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (08): US death, concern re. spread, |
| travel ban 20141008.2843902 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (07): Europe cases, USA quarantine |
| stations 20141007.2840925 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (06): Spain case, USA case, US case |
| medevaced 20141006.2837374 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (05): USA ex Liberia, prevention |
| 20141005.2834301 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (04): USA ex Liberia, prevention |
| 20141004.2832236 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (03): USA ex Liberia, Germany case ex |
| S. Leone 20141003.2830392 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (02): USA ex Liberia, prevention, |
| false alarms 20141002.2827166 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa: USA ex Liberia, WHO 20141001.2823539 |
| Ebola virus disease - West Africa (184): USA (TX) first case ex |
| Liberia 20140930.2819341] |
| .................................................jw/dk |
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| ]]></content:encoded> |
| <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2014 03:02:43 GMT</pubDate> |
| <guid isPermaLink="true">http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00024.html</guid> |
| <author>alex@xxxxxxx (alex)</author> |
| </item> |
| <item> |
| <title>[stem-ebola] Ebola Rapid Antigen Tests re: Ira</title> |
| <link>http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00023.html</link> |
| <description>********************************************************************* &lt;http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-kills-united-nations-medic-hospital-leipzig-germany-n225151 &lt;http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-founder...</description> |
| <content:encoded><![CDATA[<pre style="margin: 0em;">Thank you Ira for this very useful PDF.</pre><br> |
| <tt>Ebola 'screening' is something I have been thinking about quite a bit |
| lately, as well as discussing with my spouse, who works as a P.A. in a |
| clinical setting. She is skeptical of lab testing because her clinical |
| experience has indicated often high rates of false negatives in certain |
| viral tests... Interestingly, she mentioned seeing a surprising amount |
| of false-negatives in HIV-1 patients subsets. (Perhaps the HIV-1 PCR |
| primers are different, or the antibodies do not bind as well? The |
| reason is unclear. The lab ended up doing both a Western Blot and PCR |
| on the HIV patient, who was eventually diagnosed after some initial |
| confusion.)</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>Anyway... I thought that really the world needs a way to reliably |
| identify Ebola-infected patients at the time of symptom presentation (or |
| before , if that's even possible at all)... Perhaps this can be |
| achieved by slightly modifying existing innovative technologies.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>New Ebola screening technologies could check for infection using a |
| 'rapid test' , perhaps something robust enough for both clinical use and |
| field use. I published a post on the Operon Labs site suggesting the use |
| of antibody technology somewhat like the OraQuick home HIV-1 test, which |
| produces decent results within 20 minutes. In the article you posted |
| Ira, they discuss the Lassa field test, which operates much in the same |
| way as the home HIV OraQuick test. <a href="http://www.operonlabs.com/?q=node/13">http://www.operonlabs.com/?q=node/13</a></tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>The only real limitation I see in Ebola testing is this statement -- per |
| CDC (and I see no evidence to the contrary) -- is CDC writes that even |
| highly sensitive tests like RT-PCR will sometimes be Ebola |
| false-negative until 1-3 days after the onset of Ebola-symptoms. This |
| problem makes the use of testing for 'early detection' of Ebola |
| difficult and pointless, unless innovations are made in how the tests |
| work.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>Digression: In existing Ebola 'confirmatory' tests at state labs and |
| CDC, I've got to wonder what procedures are being used ... I'm not |
| familiar with the exact procedures... For RT-PCR, what primers are being |
| used, and what regions are they targeting? What are the primer |
| sequences? Have the Ebola RT-PCR primers been adapted for the 2014 |
| outbreak (if necessary)? I'd love to know the answers, but I don't at |
| the moment.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>What the world really needs is a portable Ebola test that is very |
| sensitive and accurate, and can be donated in large quantities. One way |
| to do this is to start with a test (like the experimental Lassa field |
| test) which uses 'blood drop' and 'on-the-spot' ELISA-type testing with |
| a 'wick' so to speak.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>But even this would still suffer from the CDC's 1 to 3 day lag time in |
| detection, relegating such testing to a mere 'rapid confirmatory' role |
| rather than any disease surveillance role . This would help at the |
| field hospitals, but it would not help with disease detection on |
| transnational flights or large-scale clinical surveillance.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>One workaround to increase the surveillance capabilities of Ebola |
| testing might be new ideas... Here is one of my ideas...Run an Ebola |
| Blood 'rapid-antigen' test *after* blood fractionation using only the |
| buffy coat from a vein draw (not a 'whole blood' drop). By testing the |
| buffy coat (leukocytes) only after blood centrifuging, one might be able |
| to develop a test with a far more accurate result, since PBMCs (minus |
| the lymphocytes) are the early targets in Ebola infection.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>Additionally, another enhancements to an Ebola test that occurred to me |
| (depending on whether ELISA/Antibody or PCR based) could use the |
| following method...</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>1. Prior to the test, homogenize the 'buffy coat' leukocyte membranes to |
| release and liberate the intracellular contents ... either ...<br> |
| 2A. Liberate / Extract Antigenic viral proteins from |
| Monocytes/Macrophages (for ELISA type tests), or<br> |
| 2B. Liberate / Extract Targeted viral RNAs from Monocytes/Macrophages |
| (for PCR).</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>You could use a variety of disruption techniques like cell lysis buffers |
| , and/or bead disruption, etc, depending on the needs of the |
| application, and whether the tests need the proteins or the vRNA intact. |
| The key would be to target only leukocytes... More preferably , only |
| target Monocytes and Macrophages for testing.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>This latter suggested method (disruption / homogenization of leukocytes |
| in the buffy coat) might increase the specificity and sensitivity of |
| these 'rapid' Ebola tests, since the homogenization of leukocytes would |
| 'de-cloak' the Ebola virus from it's early hiding spot in the Monocytes |
| and Macrophages, exposing the infected cell contents to the test.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>Perhaps the false negative rates would go down, and the disease could |
| potentially be detected earlier than is possible now.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>With some luck (if possible with such technology), we might be able to |
| detect Ebola prior to manifestation of symptoms by looking specifically |
| in isolated and homogenized Monocytes and Macrophages.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <tt>In any case... I'm looking forward to your call next week Ira. I'm sure |
| it will be a great discussion.</tt><br> |
| <br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">Thanks, |
| Alex</pre><br> |
| <tt>On 2014-10-15 10:51, Ira Schwartz wrote: |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">See attached. |
| Ira</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">On Wed, Oct 15, 2014 at 1:02 AM, <alex@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx> wrote:</pre><br> |
| <blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE - ex AFRICA (14): UN DOCTOR DIES, USA, |
| PREVENTION</pre><br> |
| </blockquote><tt>********************************************************************* |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">A ProMED-mail post |
| <<a href="http://www.promedmail.org">http://www.promedmail.org</a> [1]> |
| ProMED-mail is a program of the |
| International Society for Infectious Diseases |
| <<a href="http://www.isid.org">http://www.isid.org</a> [2]></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">In this update: |
| [1] UN doctor dies in Germany |
| [2] USA: Texas contact quarantined |
| [3] Prevention & false alarms</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">****** |
| [1] UN doctor dies in Germany |
| Date: Tue 14 Oct 2014 |
| Source: NBC News [edited]</pre><br> |
| </blockquote><tt><<a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-kills-united-nations-medic-hospital-leipzig-germany-n225151">http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-kills-united-nations-medic-hospital-leipzig-germany-n225151</a> |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">[3]></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">A United Nations medical worker [originally from Sudan] who was |
| infected with Ebola in Liberia has died despite "intensive medical |
| procedures," authorities said Tue [14 Oct 2014]. The St. Georg |
| hospital in Leipzig said the 56-year-old man, whose name has not |
| been |
| released, died overnight of the infection. It released no further |
| details. The man tested positive for Ebola on 6 Oct 2014, prompting |
| Liberia's UN peacekeeping mission to place 41 staff members who had |
| possibly been in contact with him under "close medical |
| observation." |
| He arrived in Leipzig for treatment on 9 Oct 2014, where he was put |
| into a special isolation unit...</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">-- |
| Communicated by: |
| Ryan McGinnis |
| <ryan@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">****** |
| [2] USA: Texas contact quarantined |
| Date: Tue 14 Oct 2014 |
| Source: Star Telegram [excerpted, edited]</pre><br> |
| </blockquote><tt><<a href="http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-founder-donates-25-million.html?rh=1">http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-founder-donates-25-million.html?rh=1</a> |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">[4]></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">"The lone person believed to have had direct contact with the Ebola |
| [nurse] works at Fort Worth-based Alcon and was admitted to Texas |
| Health Presbyterian Hospital with no symptoms," a company |
| spokeswoman |
| said...</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">Alcon is a medical company that specializes in eye care products. |
| The |
| Alcon employee is being hospitalized as a precaution, the statement |
| said, adding: "The Alcon associate has not shown any signs or |
| symptoms |
| of the Ebola virus. After consultation with the Texas Department of |
| Health, we are confident that there is no risk for Alcon |
| associates. |
| We are working closely with the Centers for Disease Control and |
| Prevention and the Texas Department of Health to ensure we are |
| following proper public health measures." ...</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">[Byline: Gordon Dickson]</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">-- |
| Communicated by: |
| Jonathan Ezekiel <jezekiel@xxxxxxx></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">****** |
| [3] Prevention & false alarms</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">Belgium: No Ebola checks at Brussels Airport after flights from |
| Liberia |
| ----------------------------------------------- |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (NBC News) It's the classic airport scene: a man |
| hugs |
| his wife and 2 daughters at arrivals. But in this case, the |
| traveler |
| had just stepped off a plane from the Ebola-stricken Liberian |
| capital |
| of Monrovia, meaning that some might shy away from such embraces. |
| "I've been screened before getting on the plane," he pointed out |
| before heading for the exit. The twice-weekly flight from Monrovia |
| to |
| Brussels is now the only air link from that city to the European |
| continent and is the route most Americans would likely travel on |
| their |
| way home. Thomas Eric Duncan, who died in a Dallas hospital last |
| week, |
| traveled to the U.S. from Liberia via Brussels...</pre><br> |
| </blockquote><tt><<a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/no-ebola-checks-brussels-airport-after-flights-liberia-n223581">http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/no-ebola-checks-brussels-airport-after-flights-liberia-n223581</a> |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">[5]></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">[Byline: Carlo Angerer & Becky Bratu]</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">[The link shows Ebola advice posters at Monrovia airport. - Mod.JW]</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">-- |
| Brazil: Man suspected of carrying Ebola tested negative again. |
| ----------------------------------------------- |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (WSJ) A man suspected of carrying the ebolavirus |
| was |
| tested negative for the 2nd time, Brazil's Health Ministry said Mon |
| [13 Oct 2014]. The test eliminates the possibility of Ebola, Health |
| Minister Arthur Chioro told reporters. The man, identified by |
| authorities as a 47-year-old from Guinea, one of the 3 countries |
| hardest hit by the Ebola outbreak, was isolated at a Rio de Janeiro |
| hospital... Doctors were still monitoring for other possible |
| diseases, |
| even after Ebola had been ruled out... Two blood tests were made, |
| following standard protocol to deal with the deadly virus. Dozens |
| of |
| people who had contact with the man were monitored, but now they |
| are |
| no longer under watch, he said. The minister said the case showed |
| Brazil is ready to deal with the epidemic. He also said that the |
| risk |
| of contagion in the country is low.</pre><br> |
| </blockquote><tt><<a href="http://online.wsj.com/articles/in-brazil-man-suspected-of-carrying-ebola-tested-negative-again-1413231294">http://online.wsj.com/articles/in-brazil-man-suspected-of-carrying-ebola-tested-negative-again-1413231294</a> |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">[6]></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">[Byline: Paulo Trevisani]</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">-- |
| Kenya ex South Sudan: passenger dies, Ebola negative |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (Hara Ethiopia) Anxiety has gripped Kenya after a |
| female passenger from South Sudan died on Saturday night [11 Oct |
| 2014] |
| from Ebola-like symptoms after arriving in the country. Health |
| officials at Kenya's Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) |
| told |
| Xinhua on Sun [12 Oct 2014] that the female passenger on board the |
| Kenya Airways flight alighted at 6:45 p.m. with high fever and |
| bleeding from the openings of her body. "We have not established |
| what |
| exactly caused the death, but medical officials including the |
| director |
| of medical services are carrying out tests to establish the cause," |
| an |
| official who sought anonymity told Xinhua by telephone.</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">The official said the female passenger who had arrived from Juba |
| was |
| later rushed to the hospital but died in the evening... The |
| incident |
| caused panic at the busy airport, which was immediately deserted |
| for |
| hours after the death of the passenger... Kenya is vulnerable |
| because |
| it is a major transport hub, with many flights from West Africa, a |
| WHO |
| official said...</pre><br> |
| </blockquote><tt><<a href="http://haraethiopiadotcom.wordpress.com/2014/10/13/ebola-outbreak-spreads-in-ethiopia-kenya-and-south-sudan-as-passenger-dies-at-kenyas-jomo-kenyatta-international-airport">http://haraethiopiadotcom.wordpress.com/2014/10/13/ebola-outbreak-spreads-in-ethiopia-kenya-and-south-sudan-as-passenger-dies-at-kenyas-jomo-kenyatta-international-airport</a> |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">[7]></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">[The passenger tested negative for Ebola virus disease:</pre><br> |
| </blockquote><tt><<a href="http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/article/2000137966/suspected-ebola-case-at-jkia-tests-negative">http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/article/2000137966/suspected-ebola-case-at-jkia-tests-negative</a> |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">[8]>.</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">The Ethiopian and Kenyan governments said that they would not ban |
| flights from the 4 countries hit by Ebola. Ethiopia's and Kenya's |
| national carriers are major airlines connecting countries across |
| Africa and have on their part been pursuing the usual flights into |
| West Africa. Bole international airport [Addis Ababa] and Jomo |
| Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) [Nairobi] so far haven't any |
| infrared thermometers or non-contact thermometers to measure body |
| temperature of in-bound and out-bound passengers for possible Ebola |
| symptoms. - Mod.JW]</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">-- |
| Nigeria: 850 solders returning from peacekeeping in Liberia [in |
| March |
| 2015] to be quarantined.</pre><br> |
| </blockquote><tt>------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">Mon 13 Oct 2014: (BellaNaija) Ever since the World Health |
| Organization |
| (WHO) declared Nigeria Ebola-free, the government has been doing |
| everything within its power to ensure that status is maintained. As |
| a |
| result, precautionary measures are being taken as 850 Nigerian |
| soldiers who are on a peace-keeping mission in Liberia, where the |
| Ebola epidemic is rampant, return to Nigeria in March 2015. |
| Arrangements are already being made to quarantine the soldiers in |
| Gwagwalada, Abuja for 28 days before they rejoin their respective |
| platoons, The Stream reports.</pre><br> |
| </blockquote><tt><<a href="http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/13/ebola-850-nigerian-soldiers-returning-from-liberia-to-be-quarantined/">http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/13/ebola-850-nigerian-soldiers-returning-from-liberia-to-be-quarantined/</a> |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">[9]></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">-- |
| Sierra Leone: peacekeepers bound for Somalia quarantined over Ebola</pre><br> |
| </blockquote><tt>---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">Tue 14 Oct 2014 (Reuters) A battalion of 800 Sierra Leone soldiers |
| awaiting deployment as peacekeepers in Somalia has been placed in |
| quarantine after one of its members tested positive for the deadly |
| ebolavirus, military officials said on Tue [14 Oct 2014]. The |
| soldiers |
| were due to relieve the West African nation's contingent already |
| deployed with Somalia's African Union peacekeeping mission, known |
| as |
| AMISOM. However, they will now be subject to a 21-day isolation |
| period, a senior officer in Sierra Leone's army told Reuters, |
| asking |
| not to be named. Colonel Michael Samoura, spokesman of the Republic |
| of |
| Sierra Leone Armed Forces, confirmed that a member of the battalion |
| had tested positive for the disease. He said the soldier was |
| infected |
| after leaving the military camp where the force is based without |
| permission...</pre><br> |
| </blockquote><tt><<a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/14/us-health-ebola-idUSKCN0I311420141014">http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/14/us-health-ebola-idUSKCN0I311420141014</a> |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">[10]></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">[Byline: Umaru Fofana]</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">-- |
| USA: Texas nurse's dog quarantined |
| ------------------------------------------ |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (ABC News) Officials say a one-year-old King |
| Charles |
| Spaniel has been taken from the Dallas apartment of an |
| Ebola-infected |
| nurse and will be cared for at an undisclosed location. [The |
| nurse's] |
| apartment is being thoroughly cleaned after tests over the weekend |
| confirmed she is infected. Dallas County Judge Clay Jenkins said |
| Monday evening [13 Oct 2014] that the dog would be cared for in an |
| "undisclosed location in a humane, caring way." City spokeswoman |
| Sana |
| Syed says the dog named Bentley will be comfortable and have toys |
| to |
| play with while he is monitored away from people.</pre><br> |
| </blockquote><tt><<a href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/dallas-officials-vow-care-ebola-patients-dog-26166242">http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/dallas-officials-vow-care-ebola-patients-dog-26166242</a> |
| </tt><blockquote style="border-left: #5555EE solid 0.2em; margin: 0em; padding-left: 0.85em"><pre style="margin: 0em;">[11]></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">-- |
| Communicated by: |
| ProMED-mail |
| <promed@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">[A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at: |
| <<a href="http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106">http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106</a> [12]>.]</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">[See Also: |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (13): Ethiopia susp., USA (TX) |
| prevention 20141013.2859164 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (12): USA new case, Spain, more |
| quarantined 20141012.2856660 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (11): Europe, threat to N. America, |
| recurrence 20141011.2854247 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (10): WHO, UN, Liberia, medevac, S. |
| Leone, USA 20141010.2851248 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (09): WHO, Spain, Australia, |
| Canada, |
| USA 20141009.2848352 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (08): US death, concern re. spread, |
| travel ban 20141008.2843902 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (07): Europe cases, USA quarantine |
| stations 20141007.2840925 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (06): Spain case, USA case, US case |
| medevaced 20141006.2837374 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (05): USA ex Liberia, prevention |
| 20141005.2834301 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (04): USA ex Liberia, prevention |
| 20141004.2832236 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (03): USA ex Liberia, Germany case |
| ex |
| S. Leone 20141003.2830392 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (02): USA ex Liberia, prevention, |
| false alarms 20141002.2827166 |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa: USA ex Liberia, WHO |
| 20141001.2823539 |
| Ebola virus disease - West Africa (184): USA (TX) first case ex |
| Liberia 20140930.2819341] |
| .................................................sb/jw/msp/ml |
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| _______________________________________________ |
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| To change your delivery options, retrieve your password, or |
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| </pre></blockquote><pre style="margin: 0em;"><br>-- |
| Dr. Ira B. Schwartz |
| Head, Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Section |
| Code 6792 |
| Naval Research Laboratory |
| Washington, DC 20375 |
| ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxxxxx |
| ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxx</pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">Links: |
| ------ |
| [1] <a href="http://www.promedmail.org">http://www.promedmail.org</a> |
| [2] <a href="http://www.isid.org">http://www.isid.org</a> |
| [3] |
| <a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-kills-united-nations-medic-hospital-leipzig-germany-n225151">http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-kills-united-nations-medic-hospital-leipzig-germany-n225151</a> |
| [4] |
| <a href="http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-founder-donates-25-million.html?rh=1">http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-founder-donates-25-million.html?rh=1</a> |
| [5] |
| <a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/no-ebola-checks-brussels-airport-after-flights-liberia-n223581">http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/no-ebola-checks-brussels-airport-after-flights-liberia-n223581</a> |
| [6] |
| <a href="http://online.wsj.com/articles/in-brazil-man-suspected-of-carrying-ebola-tested-negative-again-1413231294">http://online.wsj.com/articles/in-brazil-man-suspected-of-carrying-ebola-tested-negative-again-1413231294</a> |
| [7] |
| <a href="http://haraethiopiadotcom.wordpress.com/2014/10/13/ebola-outbreak-spreads-in-ethiopia-kenya-and-south-sudan-as-passenger-dies-at-kenyas-jomo-kenyatta-international-airport">http://haraethiopiadotcom.wordpress.com/2014/10/13/ebola-outbreak-spreads-in-ethiopia-kenya-and-south-sudan-as-passenger-dies-at-kenyas-jomo-kenyatta-international-airport</a> |
| [8] |
| <a href="http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/article/2000137966/suspected-ebola-case-at-jkia-tests-negative">http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/article/2000137966/suspected-ebola-case-at-jkia-tests-negative</a> |
| [9] |
| <a href="http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/13/ebola-850-nigerian-soldiers-returning-from-liberia-to-be-quarantined/">http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/13/ebola-850-nigerian-soldiers-returning-from-liberia-to-be-quarantined/</a> |
| [10] |
| <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/14/us-health-ebola-idUSKCN0I311420141014">http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/14/us-health-ebola-idUSKCN0I311420141014</a> |
| [11] |
| <a href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/dallas-officials-vow-care-ebola-patients-dog-26166242">http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/dallas-officials-vow-care-ebola-patients-dog-26166242</a> |
| [12] <a href="http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106">http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106</a> |
| [13] <a href="http://www.isid.org/donate/">http://www.isid.org/donate/</a> |
| [14] <a href="http://ww4.isid.org/promedmail/subscribe.php">http://ww4.isid.org/promedmail/subscribe.php</a> |
| [15] <a href="https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola">https://dev.eclipse.org/mailman/listinfo/stem-ebola</a></pre><br> |
| <pre style="margin: 0em;">_______________________________________________ |
| stem-ebola mailing list |
| stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx |
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| </pre></blockquote><br> |
| ]]></content:encoded> |
| <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2014 01:37:13 GMT</pubDate> |
| <guid isPermaLink="true">http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00023.html</guid> |
| <author>alex@xxxxxxx (alex)</author> |
| </item> |
| <item> |
| <title>[stem-ebola] Minutes are up for todays call</title> |
| <link>http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00022.html</link> |
| <description>The first draft minutes are up for todays call. Please edit and help us capture as much as possible as accurately as possible Best Regards, Jamie IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Rd. San Jose, CA 95120-6099 email: jhkauf@xxxxxxxxxx phone: (408) 927-2...</description> |
| <content:encoded><![CDATA[<font size=2 face="sans-serif">The first draft minutes are up for todays |
| call. Please edit and help us capture as much as possible as accurately |
| as possible</font> |
| <br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">Best Regards,<br> |
| Jamie<br> |
| <br> |
| IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Rd.<br> |
| San Jose, CA 95120-6099<br> |
| email: jhkauf@xxxxxxxxxx<br> |
| phone: (408) 927-2477 (tie 457-2477)<br> |
| <br> |
| </font>]]></content:encoded> |
| <pubDate>Thu, 16 Oct 2014 00:01:37 GMT</pubDate> |
| <guid isPermaLink="true">http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00022.html</guid> |
| <author>jhkauf@xxxxxxx (James Kaufman)</author> |
| </item> |
| <item> |
| <title>[stem-ebola] Item from Global Health NOW, published by Johns Hopking Bloomberg School of Public Health</title> |
| <link>http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00021.html</link> |
| <description>EBOLA The item below is from today&#8217;s issue. Note the link to the conference, just before the round-up itemsThe item below is from today&#8217;s edition. Note the link to yesterday&#8217;s conference, just before the round-up section &quot;Operating on Virus Time&quot;At an Ebol...</description> |
| <content:encoded><![CDATA[<table width="100%"><tr><td style="a:link { color: blue } a:visited { color: purple } "><div class=WordSection1><h3>EBOLA<br> <o:p></o:p></h3><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><strong><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>The item below is from today’s issue. Note the link to the conference, just before the round-up items<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><strong><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>The item below is from today’s edition. Note the link to yesterday’s conference, just before the round-up section<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><strong><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:150%'><strong><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>"Operating on Virus Time"</span></strong><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><br>At an Ebola symposium yesterday, infectious disease expert Michael T. Olsterholm was brutally honest: “Let’s acknowledge we’re making this up as we go, and we have to become more comfortable with uncertainty.”<br> <br>The virus driving the swiftly moving epidemic has a distinct advantage. “The virus is operating on virus time, and the rest of us are operating on bureaucracy and program time, and the virus is winning hands down,” Osterholm told an audience of 350 at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and more than 6,400 unique viewers who tuned in to the live webcast.<br> <br>In addition to Osterholm’s keynote, five presentations and a multidisciplinary panel of discussants capped off a half-day forum that addressed everything from a lack of coordination and leadership at the global level to an overview of experimental medical counter measures for Ebola, to gut-wrenching ethical decisions that need grappling with in real-time.<br> <br>Among the 15 expert speakers were Peter Jahrling, chief scientist, NIAID Integrated Research Facility; Lenny Bernstein, health correspondent, Washington Post; Trish Perl, senior epidemiologist, Johns Hopkins Health System; David Peters, MD, Chair, International Health, JHSPH; and Joshua Sharfstein, Maryland’s Secretary of Health & Mental Hygiene.<br><a href="http://jhsph.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0a43ad874dbe00d8f0545cfef&id=cd90e459fe&e=376f59c73d" target="_blank"><span style='color:mediumblue'>Jackie Powder and Maryalice Yakutchik, JHSPH </span></a><br> <br><a href="http://jhsph.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0a43ad874dbe00d8f0545cfef&id=4480e58e9b&e=376f59c73d" target="_blank"><span style='color:mediumblue'>Watch the entire conference</span></a> (because of a technical issue, audio starts at 3:18)<br><br><br><strong><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Ebola Round-Up</span></strong> </span><o:p></o:p></p><ul type=disc><li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:150%;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo1;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>New Ebola cases could reach 10,000 a week within 2 months, the WHO warns, as the death toll rose to 4,447—and the true death rate is closer to 70% than 50%, because so many deaths are unreported. <a href="http://jhsph.us3.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=0a43ad874dbe00d8f0545cfef&id=16c2d7172e&e=376f59c73d" target="_blank"><span style='color:mediumblue'>The Guardian</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><ul type=disc><li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:150%;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo2;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Another health care worker in Texas who treated an Ebola patient has tested positive for Ebola; the CDC says it is actively trying to minimize the risk to health care workers and the patient. <a href="http://jhsph.us3.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=0a43ad874dbe00d8f0545cfef&id=c88d323bac&e=376f59c73d" target="_blank"><span style='color:mediumblue'>Reuters</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><ul type=disc><li class=MsoNormal style='color:black;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:150%;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo3;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif"'>Nurses in Dallas, Texas report haphazard conditions, flimsy protective gear, and constantly changing protocols while caring for an Ebola patient with explosive diarrhea and projectile vomiting. <a href="http://jhsph.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0a43ad874dbe00d8f0545cfef&id=7dd0e30b1f&e=376f59c73d" target="_blank"><span style='color:mediumblue'>Associated Press</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg and his pediatrician wife Priscilla Chan donated $25 million to the CDC Foundation to aid in combating the Ebola epidemic in West Africa, especially to help frontline health workers. <a href="http://jhsph.us3.list-manage.com/track/click?u=0a43ad874dbe00d8f0545cfef&id=30c2c22605&e=376f59c73d" target="_blank"><span style='color:mediumblue'>Washington Post</span></a></span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></td></tr></table>]]></content:encoded> |
| <pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2014 17:57:52 GMT</pubDate> |
| <guid isPermaLink="true">http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00021.html</guid> |
| <author>judyvdouglas@xxxxxxx (Judy Douglas)</author> |
| </item> |
| <item> |
| <title>[stem-ebola] Ebola virus disease - Second Texas Healthcare worker infected</title> |
| <link>http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00020.html</link> |
| <description>EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE - ex AFRICA (14): UN DOCTOR DIES, USA, PREVENTION ********************************************************************* A ProMED-mail post &lt;http://www.promedmail.org&gt; ProMED-mail is a program of the International Society for Infectious ...</description> |
| <content:encoded><![CDATA[<font size=2 face="sans-serif">Second Texas Healthcare worker infected |
| - being transported to Atlanta for treatment</font> |
| <br> |
| <br><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/16/us/ebola-outbreak-texas.html?_r=0"><font size=2 face="sans-serif">http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/16/us/ebola-outbreak-texas.html?_r=0</font></a> |
| <br> |
| <br><font size=2 face="sans-serif">Best Regards,<br> |
| Jamie<br> |
| <br> |
| IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Rd.<br> |
| San Jose, CA 95120-6099<br> |
| email: jhkauf@xxxxxxxxxx<br> |
| phone: (408) 927-2477 (tie 457-2477)<br> |
| <br> |
| </font> |
| <br> |
| <br> |
| <br> |
| <table width=100%> |
| <tr valign=top> |
| <td><font size=1 color=#5f5f5f face="sans-serif">From:</font> |
| <td><font size=1 face="sans-serif">Ira Schwartz <ira.schwartz@xxxxxxxxx></font> |
| <tr valign=top> |
| <td><font size=1 color=#5f5f5f face="sans-serif">To:</font> |
| <td><font size=1 face="sans-serif">STEM project Ebola modeling discussions |
| <stem-ebola@xxxxxxxxxxx>, </font> |
| <tr valign=top> |
| <td><font size=1 color=#5f5f5f face="sans-serif">Date:</font> |
| <td><font size=1 face="sans-serif">10/15/2014 09:52 AM</font> |
| <tr valign=top> |
| <td><font size=1 color=#5f5f5f face="sans-serif">Subject:</font> |
| <td><font size=1 face="sans-serif">Re: [stem-ebola] PRO/AH/EDR> Ebola |
| virus disease - ex Africa (14): UN doctor dies, USA, prevention</font> |
| <tr valign=top> |
| <td><font size=1 color=#5f5f5f face="sans-serif">Sent by:</font> |
| <td><font size=1 face="sans-serif">stem-ebola-bounces@xxxxxxxxxxx</font></table> |
| <br> |
| <hr noshade> |
| <br> |
| <br> |
| <br><font size=3>See attached.</font> |
| <br><font size=3>Ira</font> |
| <br> |
| <br><font size=3>On Wed, Oct 15, 2014 at 1:02 AM, <</font><a href=mailto:alex@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>alex@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx</u></font></a><font size=3>> |
| wrote:</font> |
| <br><font size=3>EBOLA VIRUS DISEASE - ex AFRICA (14): UN DOCTOR DIES, |
| USA, PREVENTION<br> |
| *********************************************************************<br> |
| A ProMED-mail post<br> |
| <</font><a href=http://www.promedmail.org/ target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://www.promedmail.org</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| ProMED-mail is a program of the<br> |
| International Society for Infectious Diseases<br> |
| <</font><a href=http://www.isid.org/ target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://www.isid.org</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| <br> |
| In this update:<br> |
| [1] UN doctor dies in Germany<br> |
| [2] USA: Texas contact quarantined<br> |
| [3] Prevention & false alarms<br> |
| <br> |
| ******<br> |
| [1] UN doctor dies in Germany<br> |
| Date: Tue 14 Oct 2014<br> |
| Source: NBC News [edited]<br> |
| <</font><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-kills-united-nations-medic-hospital-leipzig-germany-n225151" target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-kills-united-nations-medic-hospital-leipzig-germany-n225151</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| <br> |
| <br> |
| A United Nations medical worker [originally from Sudan] who was<br> |
| infected with Ebola in Liberia has died despite "intensive medical<br> |
| procedures," authorities said Tue [14 Oct 2014]. The St. Georg<br> |
| hospital in Leipzig said the 56-year-old man, whose name has not been<br> |
| released, died overnight of the infection. It released no further<br> |
| details. The man tested positive for Ebola on 6 Oct 2014, prompting<br> |
| Liberia's UN peacekeeping mission to place 41 staff members who had<br> |
| possibly been in contact with him under "close medical observation."<br> |
| He arrived in Leipzig for treatment on 9 Oct 2014, where he was put<br> |
| into a special isolation unit...<br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Communicated by:<br> |
| Ryan McGinnis<br> |
| <</font><a href=mailto:ryan@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>ryan@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| <br> |
| ******<br> |
| [2] USA: Texas contact quarantined<br> |
| Date: Tue 14 Oct 2014<br> |
| Source: Star Telegram [excerpted, edited]<br> |
| <</font><a href="http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-founder-donates-25-million.html?rh=1" target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://www.star-telegram.com/2014/10/14/6199347/facebook-founder-donates-25-million.html?rh=1</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| <br> |
| <br> |
| "The lone person believed to have had direct contact with the Ebola<br> |
| [nurse] works at Fort Worth-based Alcon and was admitted to Texas<br> |
| Health Presbyterian Hospital with no symptoms," a company spokeswoman<br> |
| said...<br> |
| <br> |
| Alcon is a medical company that specializes in eye care products. The<br> |
| Alcon employee is being hospitalized as a precaution, the statement<br> |
| said, adding: "The Alcon associate has not shown any signs or symptoms<br> |
| of the Ebola virus. After consultation with the Texas Department of<br> |
| Health, we are confident that there is no risk for Alcon associates.<br> |
| We are working closely with the Centers for Disease Control and<br> |
| Prevention and the Texas Department of Health to ensure we are<br> |
| following proper public health measures." ...<br> |
| <br> |
| [Byline: Gordon Dickson]<br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Communicated by:<br> |
| Jonathan Ezekiel <</font><a href=mailto:jezekiel@xxxxxxx target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>jezekiel@xxxxxxx</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| <br> |
| ******<br> |
| [3] Prevention & false alarms<br> |
| <br> |
| Belgium: No Ebola checks at Brussels Airport after flights from<br> |
| Liberia<br> |
| -----------------------------------------------<br> |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (NBC News) It's the classic airport scene: a man hugs<br> |
| his wife and 2 daughters at arrivals. But in this case, the traveler<br> |
| had just stepped off a plane from the Ebola-stricken Liberian capital<br> |
| of Monrovia, meaning that some might shy away from such embraces.<br> |
| "I've been screened before getting on the plane," he pointed |
| out<br> |
| before heading for the exit. The twice-weekly flight from Monrovia to<br> |
| Brussels is now the only air link from that city to the European<br> |
| continent and is the route most Americans would likely travel on their<br> |
| way home. Thomas Eric Duncan, who died in a Dallas hospital last week,<br> |
| traveled to the U.S. from Liberia via Brussels...<br> |
| <</font><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/no-ebola-checks-brussels-airport-after-flights-liberia-n223581" target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/no-ebola-checks-brussels-airport-after-flights-liberia-n223581</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| <br> |
| [Byline: Carlo Angerer & Becky Bratu]<br> |
| <br> |
| [The link shows Ebola advice posters at Monrovia airport. - Mod.JW]<br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Brazil: Man suspected of carrying Ebola tested negative again.<br> |
| -----------------------------------------------<br> |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (WSJ) A man suspected of carrying the ebolavirus was<br> |
| tested negative for the 2nd time, Brazil's Health Ministry said Mon<br> |
| [13 Oct 2014]. The test eliminates the possibility of Ebola, Health<br> |
| Minister Arthur Chioro told reporters. The man, identified by<br> |
| authorities as a 47-year-old from Guinea, one of the 3 countries<br> |
| hardest hit by the Ebola outbreak, was isolated at a Rio de Janeiro<br> |
| hospital... Doctors were still monitoring for other possible diseases,<br> |
| even after Ebola had been ruled out... Two blood tests were made,<br> |
| following standard protocol to deal with the deadly virus. Dozens of<br> |
| people who had contact with the man were monitored, but now they are<br> |
| no longer under watch, he said. The minister said the case showed<br> |
| Brazil is ready to deal with the epidemic. He also said that the risk<br> |
| of contagion in the country is low.<br> |
| <</font><a href="http://online.wsj.com/articles/in-brazil-man-suspected-of-carrying-ebola-tested-negative-again-1413231294" target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://online.wsj.com/articles/in-brazil-man-suspected-of-carrying-ebola-tested-negative-again-1413231294</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| <br> |
| [Byline: Paulo Trevisani]<br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Kenya ex South Sudan: passenger dies, Ebola negative<br> |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------<br> |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (Hara Ethiopia) Anxiety has gripped Kenya after a<br> |
| female passenger from South Sudan died on Saturday night [11 Oct 2014]<br> |
| from Ebola-like symptoms after arriving in the country. Health<br> |
| officials at Kenya's Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) told<br> |
| Xinhua on Sun [12 Oct 2014] that the female passenger on board the<br> |
| Kenya Airways flight alighted at 6:45 p.m. with high fever and<br> |
| bleeding from the openings of her body. "We have not established what<br> |
| exactly caused the death, but medical officials including the director<br> |
| of medical services are carrying out tests to establish the cause," |
| an<br> |
| official who sought anonymity told Xinhua by telephone.<br> |
| <br> |
| The official said the female passenger who had arrived from Juba was<br> |
| later rushed to the hospital but died in the evening... The incident<br> |
| caused panic at the busy airport, which was immediately deserted for<br> |
| hours after the death of the passenger... Kenya is vulnerable because<br> |
| it is a major transport hub, with many flights from West Africa, a WHO<br> |
| official said...<br> |
| <</font><a href="http://haraethiopiadotcom.wordpress.com/2014/10/13/ebola-outbreak-spreads-in-ethiopia-kenya-and-south-sudan-as-passenger-dies-at-kenyas-jomo-kenyatta-international-airport" target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://haraethiopiadotcom.wordpress.com/2014/10/13/ebola-outbreak-spreads-in-ethiopia-kenya-and-south-sudan-as-passenger-dies-at-kenyas-jomo-kenyatta-international-airport</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| <br> |
| [The passenger tested negative for Ebola virus disease:<br> |
| <</font><a href="http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/article/2000137966/suspected-ebola-case-at-jkia-tests-negative" target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/article/2000137966/suspected-ebola-case-at-jkia-tests-negative</u></font></a><font size=3>>.<br> |
| <br> |
| The Ethiopian and Kenyan governments said that they would not ban<br> |
| flights from the 4 countries hit by Ebola. Ethiopia's and Kenya's<br> |
| national carriers are major airlines connecting countries across<br> |
| Africa and have on their part been pursuing the usual flights into<br> |
| West Africa. Bole international airport [Addis Ababa] and Jomo<br> |
| Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA) [Nairobi] so far haven't any<br> |
| infrared thermometers or non-contact thermometers to measure body<br> |
| temperature of in-bound and out-bound passengers for possible Ebola<br> |
| symptoms. - Mod.JW]<br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Nigeria: 850 solders returning from peacekeeping in Liberia [in March<br> |
| 2015] to be quarantined.<br> |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br> |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (BellaNaija) Ever since the World Health Organization<br> |
| (WHO) declared Nigeria Ebola-free, the government has been doing<br> |
| everything within its power to ensure that status is maintained. As a<br> |
| result, precautionary measures are being taken as 850 Nigerian<br> |
| soldiers who are on a peace-keeping mission in Liberia, where the<br> |
| Ebola epidemic is rampant, return to Nigeria in March 2015.<br> |
| Arrangements are already being made to quarantine the soldiers in<br> |
| Gwagwalada, Abuja for 28 days before they rejoin their respective<br> |
| platoons, The Stream reports.<br> |
| <</font><a href="http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/13/ebola-850-nigerian-soldiers-returning-from-liberia-to-be-quarantined/" target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/10/13/ebola-850-nigerian-soldiers-returning-from-liberia-to-be-quarantined/</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Sierra Leone: peacekeepers bound for Somalia quarantined over Ebola<br> |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------<br> |
| Tue 14 Oct 2014 (Reuters) A battalion of 800 Sierra Leone soldiers<br> |
| awaiting deployment as peacekeepers in Somalia has been placed in<br> |
| quarantine after one of its members tested positive for the deadly<br> |
| ebolavirus, military officials said on Tue [14 Oct 2014]. The soldiers<br> |
| were due to relieve the West African nation's contingent already<br> |
| deployed with Somalia's African Union peacekeeping mission, known as<br> |
| AMISOM. However, they will now be subject to a 21-day isolation<br> |
| period, a senior officer in Sierra Leone's army told Reuters, asking<br> |
| not to be named. Colonel Michael Samoura, spokesman of the Republic of<br> |
| Sierra Leone Armed Forces, confirmed that a member of the battalion<br> |
| had tested positive for the disease. He said the soldier was infected<br> |
| after leaving the military camp where the force is based without<br> |
| permission...<br> |
| <</font><a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/14/us-health-ebola-idUSKCN0I311420141014" target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/14/us-health-ebola-idUSKCN0I311420141014</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| <br> |
| [Byline: Umaru Fofana]<br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| USA: Texas nurse's dog quarantined<br> |
| ------------------------------------------<br> |
| Mon 13 Oct 2014: (ABC News) Officials say a one-year-old King Charles<br> |
| Spaniel has been taken from the Dallas apartment of an Ebola-infected<br> |
| nurse and will be cared for at an undisclosed location. [The nurse's]<br> |
| apartment is being thoroughly cleaned after tests over the weekend<br> |
| confirmed she is infected. Dallas County Judge Clay Jenkins said<br> |
| Monday evening [13 Oct 2014] that the dog would be cared for in an<br> |
| "undisclosed location in a humane, caring way." City spokeswoman |
| Sana<br> |
| Syed says the dog named Bentley will be comfortable and have toys to<br> |
| play with while he is monitored away from people.<br> |
| <</font><a href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/dallas-officials-vow-care-ebola-patients-dog-26166242" target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/dallas-officials-vow-care-ebola-patients-dog-26166242</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| <br> |
| --<br> |
| Communicated by:<br> |
| ProMED-mail<br> |
| <</font><a href=mailto:promed@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>promed@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx</u></font></a><font size=3>><br> |
| <br> |
| [A HealthMap/ProMED-mail map can be accessed at:<br> |
| <</font><a href=http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106 target=_blank><font size=3 color=blue><u>http://healthmap.org/promed/p/106</u></font></a><font size=3>>.]<br> |
| <br> |
| [See Also:<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (13): Ethiopia susp., USA (TX)<br> |
| prevention 20141013.2859164<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (12): USA new case, Spain, more<br> |
| quarantined 20141012.2856660<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (11): Europe, threat to N. America,<br> |
| recurrence 20141011.2854247<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (10): WHO, UN, Liberia, medevac, S.<br> |
| Leone, USA 20141010.2851248<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (09): WHO, Spain, Australia, Canada,<br> |
| USA 20141009.2848352<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (08): US death, concern re. spread,<br> |
| travel ban 20141008.2843902<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (07): Europe cases, USA quarantine<br> |
| stations 20141007.2840925<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (06): Spain case, USA case, US case<br> |
| medevaced 20141006.2837374<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (05): USA ex Liberia, prevention<br> |
| 20141005.2834301<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (04): USA ex Liberia, prevention<br> |
| 20141004.2832236<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (03): USA ex Liberia, Germany case ex<br> |
| S. Leone 20141003.2830392<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa (02): USA ex Liberia, prevention,<br> |
| false alarms 20141002.2827166<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - ex Africa: USA ex Liberia, WHO 20141001.2823539<br> |
| Ebola virus disease - West Africa (184): USA (TX) first case ex<br> |
| Liberia 20140930.2819341]<br> |
| .................................................sb/jw/msp/ml<br> |
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| <pubDate>Wed, 15 Oct 2014 17:36:29 GMT</pubDate> |
| <guid isPermaLink="true">http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/stem-ebola/msg00020.html</guid> |
| <author>jhkauf@xxxxxxx (James Kaufman)</author> |
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