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 <h3 class="sectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.2   </span> <a
  id="x5-60001.2"></a>Introduction to the ROOM Language</h3>
 <!--l. 3--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.2.1   </span> <a
  id="x5-70001.2.1"></a>Scope of ROOM</h4>
 <!--l. 5--><p class="noindent" >This chapter will give a rough overview of what ROOM (<span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">R</span>eal-time <span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">O</span>bject-<span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">O</span>riented <span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">M</span>odeling) is and what it is good for. It
 will try to answer the following questions:
 </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">Where does it come from?
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Which kind of SW-Systems will be addressed?
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">What is the relation between object oriented programming and ROOM?


      </li>
      <li class="itemize">What are the benefits of ROOM?
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Which consequences must be taken into account?</li></ul>
 <!--l. 17--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a
  id="x5-80001.2.1"></a>Where does it come from?</h5>
 <!--l. 19--><p class="noindent" >ROOM was developed in the 1990th on the background of the upcoming mobile applications with the goal to manage the
 complexity of such huge SW-Systems. From the very beginning ROOM has focused on a certain type of SW-Systems and is,
 in contrast to the UML, well suited for this kind of systems. In this sense, ROOM is a DSL (Domain Specific Language) for
 distributed, event driven, real time systems.
 </p><!--l. 24--><p class="noindent" >Bran Selic, Garth Gullekson and Paul T. Ward have published the concepts 1994 in the book <span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">Real-Time Object-Oriented</span>
 <span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">Modeling</span>. The company <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">ObjecTime</span><sup class="textsuperscript"><span
 class="ec-lmss-9">TM</span></sup> developed a ROOM tool which was taken over by <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">Rational SW</span><sup class="textsuperscript"><span
 class="ec-lmss-9">TM</span></sup> and later on by
 <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">IBM</span><sup class="textsuperscript"><span
 class="ec-lmss-9">TM</span></sup>. The company <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">Protos Software GmbH</span><sup class="textsuperscript"><span
 class="ec-lmss-9">TM</span></sup> also developed a ROOM tool called <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">Trice</span><sup class="textsuperscript"><span
 class="ec-lmss-9">TM</span></sup> for control software
 for production machines and automotive systems. <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">Trice</span><sup class="textsuperscript"><span
 class="ec-lmss-9">TM</span></sup> is the predecessor of eTrice (see Introduction to
 eTrice).
 </p><!--l. 32--><p class="noindent" >From our point of view ROOM provides still the clearest, simplest, most complete and best suited modeling concepts for the
 real time domain. All later proposals like the UML do not fit as well to this kind of problems.
 </p><!--l. 36--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a
  id="x5-90001.2.1"></a>Which kind of SW-Systems will be addressed?</h5>
 <!--l. 38--><p class="noindent" >As mentioned before ROOM addresses distributed, event driven, real time systems. But what is a <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">real time system</span>? ROOM
 defines a set of properties which are typical for a real time system. These properties are:
 </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">Timeliness
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Dynamic internal structure
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Reactiveness
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Concurrency
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Distribution
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Reliability</li></ul>
 <!--l. 51--><p class="noindent" >Each of these properties has potential to make SW development complex. If a given system can be characterized with a
 combination of or all of these properties, ROOM might be applied to such a system.
 </p><!--l. 54--><p class="noindent" >As an example take a look at a washing machine. The system has to react to user interactions, has to handle
 some error conditions like a closed water tap or a defective lye pump. It has to react simultaneously to all
 these inputs. It has to close the water valve within a certain time to avoid flooding the basement. So, the
 system can be characterized as timely, concurrent and reactive. As long as the washing machine does not
 transform to a laundry drier by itself, the system has no dynamic internal structure and as long as all functions
 are running on a single micro controller the (SW)-system is not distributed. ROOM fits perfect to such a
 system.


 </p><!--l. 62--><p class="noindent" >A SW system which mainly consists of data transformations like signal/image processing or a loop controller (e.g. a PID
 controller) cannot be characterized with any of the above mentioned properties. However, in the real world most
 of the SW systems will be a combination of both. ROOM can be combined with such systems, so that for
 example an actor provides a <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">run to completion </span>context for calculating an image processing algorithm or a PID
 controller.
 </p><!--l. 68--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a
  id="x5-100001.2.1"></a>What is the relation between OOP and ROOM?</h5>
 <!--l. 70--><p class="noindent" >The relation between classical object oriented programming and ROOM is comparable to the relation between assembler
 programming and C programming. It provides a shift of the object paradigm. The classical object paradigm provides some
 kind of information hiding. Attributes can be accessed via access methods. Logical higher level methods provide the requested
 behavior to the user.
 </p><!--l. 75--><p class="noindent" >But as the figure illustrates, the classical object paradigm does not care about concurrency issues. The threads of control will
 be provided by the underlying operating system and the user is responsible to avoid access violations by using those operating
 system mechanisms directly (semaphore, mutex).
 </p><!--l. 79--><p class="noindent" ><img
 src="images/010-RoomIntroduction02.png" alt="PIC"
  />
 </p><!--l. 81--><p class="noindent" >ROOM provides the concept of a logical machine (called actor) with its own thread of control. It provides some kind of
 cooperative communication infrastructure with <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">run to completion </span>semantics. That makes developing of business logic easy
 and safe (see <a
 href="#x5-130001.2.2">1.2.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:basic_concepts --></a> <a
 href="#x5-130001.2.2">Basic Concepts<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:basic_concepts --></a>). The logical machine provides an encapsulation shell including concurrency issues (see
 <a
 href="#x5-170001.2.2">1.2.2<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:run_to_completion --></a> <a
 href="#x5-170001.2.2">Run to Completion<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:run_to_completion --></a>).
 </p><!--l. 86--><p class="noindent" ><img
 src="images/010-RoomIntroduction03.png" alt="PIC"
  />
 </p><!--l. 88--><p class="noindent" >This thinking of an object is much more general than the classic one.
 </p><!--l. 90--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a
  id="x5-110001.2.1"></a>What are the benefits of ROOM?</h5>
 <!--l. 92--><p class="noindent" >ROOM has a lot of benefits and it depends on the users point of view which is the most important one. From a general point
 of view the most important benefit is, that ROOM allows to create SW systems very efficient, robust and safe due to the fact
 that it provides some abstract, high level modeling concepts combined with code generation and a small efficient runtime
 environment.
 </p><!--l. 97--><p class="noindent" >In detail: </p>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize">ROOM models contain well defined interfaces (protocols), which makes it easy to re-use components in different
      applications or e.g. in a test harness.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Graphical modeling makes it easy to understand, maintain and share code with other developers
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">Higher abstraction in combination with automated code generation provides very efficient mechanisms to the
      developer.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize">ROOM provides graphical model execution, which makes it easy to understand the application or find defects
      in a very early phase.</li></ul>
 <!--l. 108--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a
  id="x5-120001.2.1"></a>Which consequences must be taken into account?</h5>


 <!--l. 110--><p class="noindent" >Generating code from models will introduce some overhead in terms of memory footprint as well as performance. For most
 systems the overhead will be negligible. However, the decision for using ROOM should be made explicitly and it is always a
 trade off between development costs, time to market and costs in terms of a little bit more of memory and performance.
 Thanks to the powerful component model, ROOM is especially well suited for the development of software product lines with
 their need for reusable core assets.
 </p><!--l. 116--><p class="noindent" >Care must be taken during the introduction of the new methodology. Due to the fact that ROOM provides
 a shift of the object paradigm, developers and teams need a phase of adaption. Every benefit comes at a
 price.
 </p><!--l. 119--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.2.2   </span> <a
  id="x5-130001.2.2"></a>Basic Concepts</h4>
 <!--l. 122--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a
  id="x5-140001.2.2"></a>Actor, Port, Protocol</h5>
 <!--l. 124--><p class="noindent" >The basic elements of ROOM are the actors with their ports and protocols. The protocol provides a formal interface
 description. The port is an interaction point where the actor interacts with its outside world. Each port has exactly one
 protocol attached. The sum of all ports builds up the complete interface of an actor. Each port can receive messages, with or
 without data, which are defined in the attached protocol. Each message will be handled by the actor&#8217;s behavior (state
 machine) or will be delegated to the actor&#8217;s internal structure.
 </p>
 <div class="table">


 <!--l. 132--><p class="noindent" ><a
  id="x5-140011"></a></p><hr class="float" /><div class="float"
 >


  <div class="caption"
 ><span class="id">Table&#x00A0;1.1: </span><span
 class="content">Actor and Protocol Class Example</span></div><!--tex4ht:label?: x5-140011 -->
 <div class="tabular"> <table id="TBL-1" class="tabular"
 cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" rules="groups"
 ><colgroup id="TBL-1-1g"><col
 id="TBL-1-1" /></colgroup><colgroup id="TBL-1-2g"><col
 id="TBL-1-2" /></colgroup><tr
 class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr
  style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-1-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-1-1-1"
 class="td11"> <img
 src="images/040-ActorClass.png" alt="PIC"
  />                          </td><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-1-1-2"
 class="td11"> <img
 src="images/040-ProtocolClassTextualNotation.png" alt="PIC"
  />                       </td>
 </tr><tr
 class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr
  style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-2-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-1-2-1"
 class="td11"> <span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">Actor with sub actors  </span></td><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-1-2-2"
 class="td11"> <span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">Protocol definition  </span></td>
 </tr><tr
 class="hline"><td><hr /></td><td><hr /></td></tr><tr
  style="vertical-align:baseline;" id="TBL-1-3-"><td  style="white-space:nowrap; text-align:left;" id="TBL-1-3-1"
 class="td11">                     </td></tr></table>
 </div>


 </div><hr class="endfloat" />
 </div>
 <!--l. 140--><p class="noindent" >The actor provides access protection for its own attributes (including complex types, i.e. classical objects), including
 concurrency protection. An actor has neither public attributes nor public operations. The only interaction with the outside
 world takes place via interface ports. This ensures a high degree of re-usability on the actor level and provides an effective and
 safe programming model to the developer.
 </p><!--l. 145--><p class="noindent" >Receiving a message via a port will trigger the internal state machine. A transition will be executed depending on the message
 and the current state. Within this transition, detail level code will be executed and response messages can be
 sent.
 </p><!--l. 149--><p class="noindent" >With this model, a complex behavior can be divided into many relatively simple, linked actors. To put it the other way round:
 The complex behavior will be provided by a network of relatively simple components which are communicating with each
 other via well defined interfaces.
 </p>
 <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a
  id="x5-150001.2.2"></a>Hierarchy in Structure and Behavior</h5>
 <!--l. 156--><p class="noindent" >ROOM provides two types of hierarchy. Behavioral hierarchy and structural hierarchy. Structural hierarchy means that actors
 can be nested to arbitrary depth. Usually you will add more and more details to your application with each nesting level. That
 means you can focus yourself on any level of abstraction with always the same element, the actor. Structural hierarchy
 provides a powerful mechanism to divide your problem in smaller pieces, so that you can focus on the level of abstraction you
 want to work on.
 </p><!--l. 162--><p class="noindent" >The actor&#8217;s behavior will be described with a state machine. A state in turn may contain sub states. This is
 another possibility to focus on an abstraction level. Take the simple FSM from the blinky actor from the blinky
 tutorial.
 </p><!--l. 166--><p class="noindent" >Top level:
 </p><!--l. 168--><p class="noindent" ><img
 src="images/020-Blinky15.png" alt="PIC"
  />
 </p><!--l. 170--><p class="noindent" ><span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">blinking </span>Sub machine:
 </p><!--l. 172--><p class="noindent" ><img
 src="images/020-Blinky151.png" alt="PIC"
  />
 </p><!--l. 174--><p class="noindent" >From an abstract point of view there is a state <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">blinking</span>. But a simple LED is not able to blink autonomously. Therefore you
 have to add more details to your model to make a LED blinking, but for the current work it is not of interest how the blinking
 is realized. This will be done in the next lower level of the hierarchy.
 </p><!--l. 179--><p class="noindent" >This simple example might give an idea how powerful this mechanisms is.
 </p><!--l. 181--><p class="noindent" >The hierarchical FSM provides a rich tool box to describe real world problems (see chapter <a
 href="etrice-docch4.html#x23-990004">4<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:room_concepts --></a> <a
 href="etrice-docch4.html#x23-990004">ROOM Concepts<!--tex4ht:ref: sec:room_concepts --></a>).
 </p><!--l. 183--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a
  id="x5-160001.2.2"></a>Layering</h5>
 <!--l. 185--><p class="noindent" >Layering is another well known form of abstraction to reduce complexity in the structure of systems. ROOM is
 probably the only language that supports layering directly as a language feature. Layering can be expressed in
 ROOM by actors with specialized ports, called <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">Service Access Points </span>(SAP) and <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">Service Provision Points</span>
 (SPP).
 </p><!--l. 190--><p class="noindent" >The actor that provides a service implements an SPP and the client of that service implements an SAP. The layer connection
 connects all SAPs of a specific protocol within an actor hierarchy with an SPP that implements the service. From the actor&#8217;s
 point of view, SAPs and SPPs behave almost like ports.
 </p><!--l. 194--><p class="noindent" ><img
 src="images/010-LayerExample.png" alt="PIC"
  />
 </p><!--l. 196--><p class="noindent" >The example shows a layered model. The layer connections define e.g. that the <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">ApplicationLayer </span>can only use the services of
 the <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">ServiceLayer </span>and the <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">CommunicationLayer</span>. Actors inside the <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">ApplicationLayer </span>that implement an SAP for those services
 are connected directly to the implementation of the services. Layering and actor hierarchies with port to port connections can
 be mixed on every level of granularity.


 </p><!--l. 202--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a
  id="x5-170001.2.2"></a>Run to Completion</h5>
 <!--l. 205--><p class="noindent" ><span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">Run to completion </span>(RTC) is a very central concept of ROOM. It enables the developer to concentrate on the functional
 aspects of the system. The developer doesn&#8217;t have to care about concurrency issues all the time. This job is
 concentrated to the system designer in a very flexible way. What does <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">run to completion </span>mean: RTC means that
 an actor, which is processing a message, can not receive the next message as long as the processing of the
 current message has been finished. Receiving of the next message will be queued by the underlying run time
 system.
 </p><!--l. 213--><p class="noindent" >Note: It is very important not to confuse <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">run to completion </span>and <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">cooperative multi threading</span>. Run to completion
 means that an actor will finish the processing of a message before he can receive a new one (regardless of its
 priority). That does <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">not </span>mean that an actor cannot be preempted from an higher priority thread of control. But
 even a message from this higher prior thread of control will be queued until the current processing has been
 finished.
 </p><!--l. 220--><p class="noindent" >With this mechanism all actor internal attributes and data structures are protected. Due to the fact that multiple actors share
 one thread of control, all objects are protected which are accessed from one thread of control but multiple actors. This
 provides the possibility to decompose complex functionality into several actors without the risk to produce access violations or
 dead locks.
 </p><!--l. 225--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h4 class="subsectionHead"><span class="titlemark">1.2.3   </span> <a
  id="x5-180001.2.3"></a>Execution Models</h4>
 <!--l. 227--><p class="noindent" >Since from ROOM models executable code can be generated, it is important to define the way the actors are executed and
 communicate with each other. The combination of communication and execution is called the <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">execution model</span>. Currently the
 eTrice tooling supports the <span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">message driven</span>, the <span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">data driven </span>and a mixture of both execution models. In future
 releases maybe also a synchronous execution model will be supported, depending on the requirements of the
 community.
 </p><!--l. 235--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a
  id="x5-190001.2.3"></a>Communication Methods</h5>
      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize"><span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">message driven </span>&#8211; asynchronous, non blocking, no return value:<br
 class="newline" />Usually the message driven communication is implemented with message queues. Message queues are inherently
      asynchronous and enable a very good decoupling of the communicating parties.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">data driven </span>&#8211; asynchronous, non blocking, no return value:<br
 class="newline" />In data driven communication sender and receiver often have a shared block of data. The sender writes the
      data and the receiver polls the data.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">function call </span>&#8211; synchronous, blocking, return value:<br
 class="newline" />Regular function call as known in most programming languages.</li></ul>
 <!--l. 251--><p class="noindent" >eTrice currently supports the two former communication methods.
 </p><!--l. 253--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a
  id="x5-200001.2.3"></a>Execution Methods</h5>


      <ul class="itemize1">
      <li class="itemize"><span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">execution by receive event</span>: The message queue or the event dispatcher calls a <span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">receive event </span>function of
      the message receiver and thereby executes the processing of the event.
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">polled execution</span>: The objects are processed by a cyclic <span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">execute </span>call
      </li>
      <li class="itemize"><span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">execution by function call</span>: The caller executes the called object via function call</li></ul>
 <!--l. 262--><p class="noindent" >eTrice currently supports the two former execution methods.
 </p><!--l. 264--><p class="noindent" >
 </p>
 <h5 class="subsubsectionHead"><a
  id="x5-210001.2.3"></a>Execution Models</h5>
 <!--l. 266--><p class="noindent" >In present-day&#8217;s embedded systems in most cases one or several of the following execution models are used:
 </p>
 <!--l. 268--><p class="noindent" ><span class="paragraphHead"><a
  id="x5-220001.2.3"></a><span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">message driven</span></span>
 <br
 class="newline" />
 </p><!--l. 270--><p class="noindent" >The message driven execution model is a combination of message driven communication and execution by receive event. This
 model allows for distributed systems with a very high throughput. It can be deterministic but the determinism is hard to
 proof. This execution model is often found in telecommunication systems and high performance automation control
 systems.
 </p>
 <!--l. 277--><p class="noindent" ><span class="paragraphHead"><a
  id="x5-230001.2.3"></a><span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">data driven</span></span>
 <br
 class="newline" />
 </p><!--l. 279--><p class="noindent" >The data driven execution model is a combination of data driven communication and polled execution. This model is highly
 deterministic and very robust, but the polling creates a huge performance overhead. The determinism is easy to proof (simple
 mathematics). The execution model is also compatible with the execution model of control software generated by Tools like
 Matlab(TM) and LabView(TM). This model is usually used for systems with requirements for safety, such as automotive and
 avionic systems.
 </p>
 <!--l. 286--><p class="noindent" ><span class="paragraphHead"><a
  id="x5-240001.2.3"></a><span
 class="ec-lmssbx-10">synchronous</span></span>
 <br
 class="newline" />
 </p><!--l. 288--><p class="noindent" >The synchronous execution model could also be called <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">function calls</span>. This model in general is not very well suited to support
 the <span
 class="ec-lmsso-10">run to completion </span>semantics typical for ROOM models, but could also be generated from ROOM models. With this
 execution model also lower levels of a software system, such as device drivers, could be generated from ROOM
 models.


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