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<h1>Defining Generics with UML Templates</h1>
<div class="summary">
<h2>Summary</h2>
<p>Generics in Java have been around for a while but support for
mapping generically specified artifacts in UML to their Ecore
representation is new to UML2 2.1. This article will walk the reader
through the details of the mapping process with the end goal of
producing generically specified code. This article assumes some level of
familiarity with generics and is not intended as a tutorial in Java
generics.</p>
<p>This article might also be useful to readers who are only
interested in how generics can be specified with UML. In such cases, the
reader can simply ignore the Ecore mapping and focus on the UML and Java
representations.</p>
<div class="author">By James Bruck, IBM</div>
<div class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2007 International
Business Machines Corp.</div>
<div class="date">November 19, 2007</div>
</div>
<div class="content">
<h1>Glossary</h1>
A few terms and abbreviations will be used throughout this document.
<h2>UML Specification</h2>
<p>This refers to the latest version of the UML API which is based
on the UML 2.1.1 specification defined by OMG. The latest draft of the
UML Superstructure Specification can be found at: <a
href="http://www.omg.org/docs/formal/07-02-05.pdf">http://www.omg.org/docs/formal/07-02-05.pdf</a></p>
<h1>Introduction</h1>
<p>There are two main benefits in familiarizing yourself with UML
templates: firstly, you can express and communicate your ideas more
accurately, and secondly, code generated via conversion through Ecore
will result in generically specified Java. Through a series of examples,
this article attempts to explain how templates in UML map to generics in
Ecore and Java.</p>
<p>Some concepts involving generics in UML do not map directly to
Java (or Ecore). In general, UML is more verbose and requires a modeler
to create more constructs to convey ideas that would otherwise be more
simply described in Java (or Ecore).</p>
<p>Consider template bindings for example: template bindings are
constructs that do not explicitly exist in Java (or Ecore). The template
binding concept in UML can be considered to be a &quot;merging&quot; of
templateable items into the bound item where actual parameters are
substituted for formal parameters. More about this in the section
entitled &quot;<a
href="../Article-Defining-Generics-with-UML-Templates/article.html#_Some_UML_Basics">Some
UML Basics</a>&quot;.</p>
<p>Concrete classifiers that result from applying template bindings
to a templated classifier can also be considered an
&quot;artificial&quot; construct required by UML. Such additional
classifiers are not needed when describing generics in Java (or Ecore).
The examples listed later in this document will explain these ideas in
detail.</p>
<h1>Enhanced Ecore Profile</h1>
<p>The mapping from UML to Ecore as implemented in the UML2 2.1 API
is intended to be a lossless conversion. Round tripping from UML to
Ecore and back again should produce the original UML model. To achieve
this lossless conversion, concepts present in Ecore, but not in UML have
been added to an enhanced Ecore profile. The information added to
stereotyped items will be reapplied when converting back.</p>
<p>What UML does not capture that Ecore does:</p>
<ul>
<li>Multiple bounds on <span class="code-inline">ETypeParameter</span>s. The
&lt;&lt;<span class="code-inline">eTypeParameter</span>&gt;&gt; stereotype has been created for this
purpose.</li>
<li>Upper and lower bounds on <span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span>s. (It should be pointed
out that it is possible to specify a single bound on type parameters in
UML via the ClassifierTemplateParameter::constrainingClassifier
property but this is currently a scalar value). The
&lt;&lt;<span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span>&gt;&gt; stereotype has been created for this
purpose.</li>
<li>UML requires &quot;additional&quot; classifiers to specify
bound generic types. These need to be marked in order to remove them
when converting from UML to Ecore. The &lt;&lt;<span class="code-inline">eGenericType</span>&gt;&gt;
stereotype is used as a marker so that conversion from UML to Ecore
will result in dropping elements with such stereotypes.</li>
</ul>
<p>The subset of newly added stereotypes to the Ecore profile is
shown in the following diagram:</p>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image001.png"/></div>
<p>While we are on the topic of differences between Ecore and UML we
should mention that UML has some 'quirkiness' in the area of templates.
In the current version of the UML specification, UML has multiple actual
parameters per formal parameter. It is unclear how multiple parameters
could be substituted for one formal parameter. The conversion process
therefore considers only one actual per formal parameter. An <a
href="http://www.omg.org/issues/uml2-rtf.open.html#Issue9398">issue</a>
for this has been raised at OMG and should be resolved by the next
revision of the UML specification.</p>
<h1>Some UML Basics</h1>
<p>UML allows users to model generics via templates and template
bindings. Section 17.5 of the UML superstructure specification describes
all the constructs required to describe templates.</p>
<p>Quoting from the UML superstructure specification...</p>
<div class="quote">
<p>A TemplateableElement that has a template signature is a
specification of a template. A template is a parameterized element that
can be used to generate other model elements using TemplateBinding
relationships. TemplateableElements can have template signatures and
template bindings. Thus a templateable element may be both a template
and a bound element. The template parameters for the template signature
specify the formal parameters that will be substituted by actual
parameters in a binding.</p>
<p>A template cannot be used in the same manner as a non-template
element of the same kind. The template element can only be used to
generate bound elements or as part of the specification of another
template. A bound element is an ordinary element and can be used in the
same manner as a non-bound element of the same kind. This is an
important point since it means that a template class cannot be used as
the type of a typed element.</p>
<p>ParameterableElement is an element that can be exposed as a
formal template parameter for a template or specified as an actual
parameter in a binding of a template. A ParameterableElement may be part
of the definition of a template parameter. In an element bound to the
template, any use of the template parameter will be substituted by the
use of the actual parameter. If a ParameterableElement is exposed as a
template parameter, then parameterable element is only meaningful within
the template.</p>
<p>A TemplateBinding represents a relationship between a
templateable element and a template. A template binding specifies the
substitutions of actual parameters for the formal parameters of the
template. The presence of a template binding relationship implies the
same semantics as if the contents of the template owning the target
template signature were copied into the bound element, substituting and
elements exposed as formal template parameters by the corresponding
elements specified as actual parameters in the binding.</p>
</div>
<p>The kinds of UML metatypes that can be templateable are
Classifier (Class, Component etc.), Operation, Package and less
commonly, Property, and StringExpression.</p>
<p>Neither Ecore nor Java has this template binding concept so
having a firm grasp of the UML metamodel is important if you are only
familiar with generics in Java.</p>
<h1>The Ecore Meta-Model</h1>
<p>The following diagram showing a subset of the Ecore metamodel
(highlighting generics) will be used as a reference when describing the
UML to Ecore mapping.</p>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image003.png" /><br />
Figure 1: Ecore meta-model</div>
<p>With this metamodel in mind, we can mention several interesting
points:</p>
<ul>
<li><span class="code-inline">ETypeParameter</span>s correspond roughly to TemplateParameter in UML.</li>
<li><span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> has no direct mapping to UML</li>
<li><span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> can be specified by setting its <span class="code-inline">eClassifier</span> or
<span class="code-inline">eTypeParameter</span> property.</li>
<li><span class="code-inline">EOperation</span> and <span class="code-inline">EClassifier</span> can be parameterized with
<span class="code-inline">ETypeParameter</span>. Similarly, Operation and Classifier in UML can have a
template signature with parameters.</li>
<li><span class="code-inline">EClass</span> can have <span class="code-inline">eGenericSuperTypes</span>. That is, supertypes of
some <span class="code-inline">EClass</span> can be represented by some <span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span>.</li>
<li><span class="code-inline">ETypedElement</span> can have some <span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> as a type.</li>
<li><span class="code-inline">ETypeParameter</span> can have bounds which are of type <span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span>.</li>
</ul>
<p>If you wish to follow along with the examples and experiment on
your own, you should first enable the showing of generics for your Ecore
model.</p>
<p>Showing of generics is enabled from the &quot;Sample Ecore
Editor&quot; menu when the Ecore editor is being used: From the toolbar,
select &quot;Sample Ecore Editor &gt; Show Generics&quot;.</p>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image005.png"></div>
<p>Further details on working with generics in EMF can be found at <a
href="http://wiki.eclipse.org/EMF_2.3_Generics">http://wiki.eclipse.org/EMF_2.3_Generics</a>.</p>
<h1>Case Studies</h1>
<div class="note">
<table class="note-table">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img alt="[Note]" src="../images/tip.gif"></td>
<td>
<p>If you are familiar with generics in Java and you just want to
discover how to create the equivalent UML representation, I would
recommend starting with the Ecore representation of your generically
specified model. Then, convert your Ecore model to UML. The resulting
UML model will have expanded all bindings, and any required
stereotypes will be applied. The reason for starting with Ecore is
that it is much easier to specify generics using Ecore and requires
fewer constructs.</p>
<ol>
<li>In your development environment, ensure you have the UML
examples plug-ins installed.</li>
<li>Create an Ecore model using generics in Ecore. The
resulting Ecore model should closely match the Java representation.</li>
<li>From the sample Ecore editor, select the root package of
your Ecore model.</li>
<li>From the toolbar select &quot;Sample Ecore Editor &gt;
Convert to UML Model...&quot;</li>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h2>Baby Steps: Simple Type Parameter</h2>
<p>Consider a simple case where we define a generic class with one
property of some generic type.</p>
<h3>Visually</h3>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image007.png"></div>
<h3>Java</h3>
<div class="code-block">1 public interface MyClass&lt;E&gt; extends EObject {
2 E getMyProperty();
3 void setMyProperty(E value);
4 }
</div>
<div class="code-block">1 public class MyClassImpl&lt;E&gt; extends EObjectImpl implements MyClass&lt;E&gt; {
2 protected E myProperty;
3 }
</div>
<h3>Ecore</h3>
<p>The Ecore representation would look like the following:</p>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="images/image009.png" /></td>
<td>
<ol>
<li>We create a simple <span class="code-inline">EClass</span> with an <span class="code-inline">ETypeParameter</span> E.</li>
<li>We create an EReference whose type is an <span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> with
<span class="code-inline">eTypeParameter</span> set to E.</li>
</ol>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>UML</h3>
<p>As you can see, the UML representation is more verbose than the
Ecore representation.</p>
<ul>
<li>The UML representation creates a template by constructing a
template signature owned by <span class="code-inline">MyClass</span>.</li>
<li>The signature in this case has one template parameter E.</li>
<li>The template parameter directly owns another class E and uses
that class as its parametered element.</li>
</ul>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image011.gif" /></div>
<p>The class E is the parametered element that will be the focus of
bindings when we replace formal parameters with actual parameters. We
can say that the template parameter 'exposes' the parametered element (E
in this case) as a formal parameter.</p>
<p>You may have also noticed the &lt;&lt;<span class="code-inline">eTypeParameter</span>&gt;&gt;
stereotype. The &lt;&lt;<span class="code-inline">eTypeParameter</span>&gt;&gt; stereotype contributes
the concept of &quot;bounds&quot; to UML template parameters. In Ecore,
generic bound types allow one to place constraints on the types of
allowable substitutions. For example, one could express that
substitutions for the template parameter must extend some particular
classifier such as <span class="code-inline">MyClass&lt;? extends MyOtherClass&gt;</span>. This will be
explored more in the following examples.</p>
<h2>Baby Steps: Creating a Generic Type</h2>
<p>In a little more realistic example, we might have something like
the following.</p>
<h3>Visually</h3>
or
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image012.png" />&nbsp;<img
src="images/image014.png" /></div>
<h3>Java</h3>
<div class="code-block">1 public interface List&lt;E&gt; extends EObject {
2 void add(E x);
3 Iterator&lt;E&gt; iterator();
4 } </div>
<div class="code-block">1 public interface Iterator&lt;E&gt; extends EObject {
2 E next();
3 boolean hasNext();
4 } </div>
<h3>Ecore</h3>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="images/image016.png" /></td>
<td>
<ol>
<li>We create an <span class="code-inline">ETypeParameter</span> for the <span class="code-inline">EClass</span> <span class="code-inline">List</span></li>
<li>We create an <span class="code-inline">EOperation add()</span> with a parameter x of
<span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> E.</li>
<li>We create another <span class="code-inline">EOperation iterator()</span> of return type
<span class="code-inline">Iterator&lt;E&gt;</span>. Here the return type is an <span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> whose
<span class="code-inline">eClassifier</span> is set to <span class="code-inline">Iterator&lt;E&gt;</span>. The <span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> has an
eTypeAgrument (<span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span>) whose <span class="code-inline">eTypeParameter</span> is set to E.</li>
<li>The <span class="code-inline">Iterator</span> is similarly specified.</li>
</ol>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>UML</h3>
<p>The main elements in the UML representation are: a class called
<span class="code-inline">List</span>, a class called <span class="code-inline">Iterator</span> and a newly introduced class called
<span class="code-inline">Iterator_E</span>, see below.</p>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image018.gif" /></div>
<p>You might be scratching your head about <span class="code-inline">Iterator_E</span>. This
construct is required because the class <span class="code-inline">List</span> has an operation that
returns an iterator that is bound to the same element passed as an
argument to &quot;List&quot; itself. UML does not allow us to use
templates as the type of an element, therefore we need to create a new
bound class: <span class="code-inline">Iterator_E</span>.</p>
<p>The template parameter substitution for <span class="code-inline">Iterator_E</span> above has the
following binding:</p>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image019.gif" /></div>
<p>The formal template parameter for <span class="code-inline">Iterator&lt;E&gt;</span> is bound to
the actual parameter E of <span class="code-inline">List</span>.</p>
<h2>Basics: Binding to a Generic Class</h2>
<p>Let's put together some of the basic ideas we have already
explored. In this example, <span class="code-inline">ArrayList&lt;E&gt;</span> is a generic array list
whose super type is the generic <span class="code-inline">List&lt;E&gt;</span>. In UML we require the
creation of the concrete type <span class="code-inline">List_E</span> with its bindings set up. In
addition, <span class="code-inline">TestClass</span> has a property which is an <span class="code-inline">ArrayList</span> of <span class="code-inline">Car</span>s. Again,
we create a new class <span class="code-inline">ArrayList</span> with bindings set up to the class
<span class="code-inline">Car</span>.</p>
<h3>Visually</h3>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image020.png" /></div>
<h3>Java</h3>
<p>The <span class="code-inline">TestClass</span> class:</p>
<div class="code-block">1 public interface TestClass extends EObject {
2 ArrayList<Car> getMyCars();
3 } </div>
<div class="code-block">1 public class TestClassImpl extends EObjectImpl implements TestClass {
2 protected ArrayList<Car> myCars;
3 }</div>
<p>The <span class="code-inline">ArrayList</span> class:</p>
<div class="code-block">1 public interface ArrayList&lt;E&gt; extends List&lt;E&gt; {
2 } </div>
<div class="code-block">1 public class ArrayListImpl&lt;E&gt; extends ListImpl&lt;E&gt; implements ArrayList&lt;E&gt; {
2 protected ArrayListImpl() {
3 super();
4 }
5 } </div>
<h3>Ecore</h3>
<div class="figure-left"><img style="margin: 10px"
src="images/image022.png" /> <img style="margin: 10px"
src="images/image024.png" /> <img style="margin: 10px"
src="images/image026.png" /> <img style="margin: 10px"
src="images/image028.png" /> <img style="margin: 10px"
src="images/image030.png" /></div>
<h3>UML</h3>
<div class="figure-left"><img style="margin: 10px"
src="images/image032.png" /> <img style="margin: 10px"
src="images/image034.png" /> <img style="margin: 10px"
src="images/image036.png" /> <img style="margin: 10px"
src="images/image038.png" /> <img style="margin: 10px"
src="images/image040.png" /></div>
<p><span class="code-inline">ArrayList</span> is the specialization of the concrete <span class="code-inline">List_E</span> class
where the formal template parameter E of <span class="code-inline">List</span> is substituted for the
actual parameterable element E of <span class="code-inline">ArrayList</span>. These are the substitutions
for the binding of <span class="code-inline">List_E</span>:</p>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image042.png" /></div>
<p>The class <span class="code-inline">ArrayList_Car</span> substitutes the actual parameter <span class="code-inline">Car</span> for
the exposed template parameter of E of <span class="code-inline">ArrayList</span>. These are the
substitutions for the <span class="code-inline">ArrayList</span>:</p>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image044.png" /></div>
<h2>Basics: Operation with Template Parameter</h2>
<p>In UML, operations are templateable elements. In this next
example we will have a look at adding template parameters to an
operation. The operation will have a template parameter T, and will
return elements of type T. The operation will also have a parameter p1
of type T.</p>
<h3>Visually</h3>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image046.png" /></div>
<h3>Java</h3>
<div class="code-block">1 public interface MyClass extends EObject {
2 &lt;T&gt; T someOperation(T p1);
3 }</div>
<div class="code-block">1 public class MyClassImpl extends EObjectImpl implements MyClass {
2 public &lt;T&gt; T someOperation(T p1) {
3 //...
4 }
5 }</div>
<h3>Ecore</h3>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><img src="images/image048.png" /></td>
<td>
<ol>
<li><span class="code-inline">MyClass</span> has an <span
class="code-inline">EOperation</span> called <span
class="code-inline">someOperation</span>.</li>
<li>The EOperation someOperation has an <span class="code-inline">ETypeParameter</span> T.</li>
<li>The EOperation has a parameter p1 whose type is an
<span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> whose <span class="code-inline">eTypeParameter</span> is T.</li>
<li>The EOperation has an <span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> as its type, whose
<span class="code-inline">eTypeParameter</span> is T.</li>
</ol>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>UML</h3>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image050.png" /></div>
<h2>Basics: Bound Operation Parameters</h2>
<p>In this example we show an operation with two parameters that are
lists of cars. As you might have guessed, the UML version will require
an extra bound class.</p>
<h3>Visually</h3>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image052.png" /></div>
<h3>Java</h3>
<div class="code-block">1 public interface MyClass2 extends EObject {
2 void op1(List<Car> p1, List<Car> p2);
3 }</div>
<div class="code-block">1 public class MyClass2Impl extends EObjectImpl implements MyClass2 {
2 public void op1(List<Car> p1, List<Car> p2) {
3 //...
4 }
5 }</div>
<h3>Ecore</h3>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image054.png" /></div>
</td>
<td>
<ol>
<li>We create an operation with parameter p1.</li>
<li>Parameter p1 has as its type an <span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> whose
<span class="code-inline">eClassifier</span> is <span class="code-inline">List&lt;E&gt;</span>.</li>
<li>The <span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> of p1 has a type argument (<span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span>)
whose <span class="code-inline">eClassifier</span> is set to <span class="code-inline">Car</span></li>
.
</ol>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>UML</h3>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image056.png" /></div>
<p>The only important thing to point out here is that the bound
<span class="code-inline">List_Car</span> is not duplicated in the UML representation. The bound <span class="code-inline">List_Car</span>
is used in the context of <span class="code-inline">MyClass2</span>.</p>
<h2>Advanced: Wildcards</h2>
<p>(Specifying upper and lower bounds on
parameters)</p>
<p>It is possible to specify wildcards when using parameters in
Ecore and Java. Wildcards are represented by &quot;?&quot;. The &quot;?&quot; stands for an
unknown type. It is possible to specify upper and lower bounds on such
wildcards. When we talk about bounds, we refer to the ability to specify
that bindings to a generic type parameter must either be the super type
of some classifier or extend some classifier. In this way, tighter
restrictions can be placed on acceptable bindings. In addition to
tightening restrictions, upper bounds (extends) are particularly useful
for ensuring that substitutions will have features that are required by
the template for its behavior. For example, one might have <span class="code-inline">List&lt;E
extends Comparable&gt;</span> because the list actually needs to be able to
compare E's using the <span class="code-inline">Comparable::compareTo(...)</span> operation</p>
<h3>Visually</h3>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image058.png" /></div>
<h3>Java</h3>
<div class="code-block">1 public class MyClass3Impl extends EObjectImpl implements MyClass3 {
2 protected List&lt;? extends Car&gt; someReference;
3 protected List&lt;? super Car&gt; anotherReference;
4 }</div>
<h3>Ecore</h3>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image060.png" /></div>
</td>
<td>
<ol>
<li>We create an EReference for someReference.</li>
<li>We create an <span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> for the type of someReference
whose <span class="code-inline">eClassifier</span> is set to <span class="code-inline">List&lt;E&gt;</span></li>
<li>The generic type of someReference has an eTypeArgument (an
<span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span>) whose upper bound is set to <span class="code-inline">Car</span>.</li>
</ol>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>UML</h3>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image062.png" /></div>
<p>If we focus on the &quot;someReference&quot; property, we see
that we need to create a new class called
&quot;<span class="code-inline">Wildcard_extends_Car</span>&quot;. This particular class has its
stereotype property for the upper bound set to <span class="code-inline">Car</span>:</p>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image064.png" /></div>
<p>Next, we see that another new class is created in order to bind
the formal parameter of the generic <span class="code-inline">List</span> to classes of
<span class="code-inline">Wildcard_extends_Car</span>:</p>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image066.png" /></div>
<h2>Advanced: Type Parameters That Extend Multiple Classifiers</h2>
<p>Type parameters in Ecore can also have bounds and in such cases
it is possible to specify multiple upper bounds.</p>
<h3>Visually</h3>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image068.png" /></div>
<p>The interesting part is the bounds information stored in the
stereotype (see below).</p>
<h3>Java</h3>
<div class="code-block">1 public interface MyClass4&lt;P1 extends A &amp; B&gt; extends EObject {
2 }</div>
<div class="code-block">1 public class MyClass4Impl&lt;P1 extends A &amp; B&gt; extends EObjectImpl implements MyClass4&lt;P1&gt; {
2 }</div>
<h3>Ecore</h3>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image070.png" /></div>
</td>
<td>
<ol>
<li><span class="code-inline">MyClass4</span> has an <span class="code-inline">ETypeParameter</span> P1.</li>
<li>The <span class="code-inline">ETypeParameter</span> of P1 has its eBounds set to an
<span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> whose eClassifer is A and another <span class="code-inline">EGenericType</span> whose
<span class="code-inline">eClassifier</span> is set to B.</li>
</ol>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3>UML</h3>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image072.png" /></div>
<p>For the template parameter P1 we have to specify the bounds using
the stereotype since multiple bounds on such parameters are not possible
using UML:</p>
<div class="figure-left"><img src="images/image074.png" /></div>
<h1>Conclusion</h1>
<p>Congratulations! You've made it this far, if you've followed
through the examples, you will no doubt have discovered that the UML
representation is verbose and intricate in comparison to Ecore or Java.
Hopefully, with a bit of practice, the UML representation will become
second nature. This article really only scratches the surface of the
intricate possible scenarios one may create when working with generics.
By using templates in UML you can express and communicate your ideas
more accurately, and code generated via conversion through Ecore will
result in generically specified Java.</p>
<p>For more information on UML2, visit the <a
href="http://www.eclipse.org/modeling/mdt/?project=uml2">home page</a>
or join the <a href="news://news.eclipse.org/eclipse.modeling.mdt.uml2">newsgroup</a>.</p>
<h1>Acknowledgements</h1>
<p>Thanks to Kenn Hussey, Ed Merks and Christian Damus for their
thorough and careful reviews.</p>
<h1>References</h1>
<p>[1] Unified Modeling Language: Superstructure, version 2.1.1;
formal/2007-02-05. OMG.</p>
<p>[2] RTF Issue <a
href="http://www.omg.org/issues/uml2-rtf.open.html#Issue9398">9398</a></p>
</div>
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