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| <div id="toc" class="toc2"> |
| <div id="toctitle">Eclipse CommaSuite</div> |
| <ul class="sectlevel1"><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../index.html')">Home</a></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../site/download.html')">Download</a></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../site/developers.html')">Developers</a></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../site/publications.html')">Publications</a></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../user_guide.html')">User guide</a><ul class="sectlevel2"><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../overview/intro.html')">Language overview</a><ul class="sectlevel3"><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../overview/gettingstarted.html')">Getting started</a><ul class="sectlevel4"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('language.html')">Language</a><ul class="sectlevel4"><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('types.html')">Types</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li><li><a style="" 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href="javascript:navigatePage('expressions.html')">Statements and expressions</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('comments.html')">Documenting models</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../generators/generators.html')">Generator tasks</a><ul class="sectlevel3"><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../generators/umlgeneration.html')">Generation of UML diagrams</a><ul class="sectlevel4"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../generators/docgeneration.html')">Document generation</a><ul class="sectlevel4"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../generators/monitoring.html')">Monitoring</a><ul class="sectlevel4"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../generators/reachabilitygraph.html')">Reachability graph</a><ul class="sectlevel4"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../generators/testgeneration.html')">Test generation</a><ul class="sectlevel4"></ul></li></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/intro.html')">Tutorial</a><ul class="sectlevel3"><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/preparation.html')">Preparation</a><ul class="sectlevel4"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/serviceinterface.html')">Service interface</a><ul class="sectlevel4"><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity1.html')">Activity 1: Get familiar with the Vending Machine</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity2.html')">Activity 2: Make an initial specification of the service interface</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity3.html')">Activity 3: Check an execution trace against the state machine</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity4.html')">Activity 4: Extend the specification of the service interface</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity5.html')">Activity 5: Add a time constraint</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity6.html')">Activity 6: Documentation generation</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/coincheckinterface.html')">Coin checker interface</a><ul class="sectlevel4"><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity7.html')">Activity 7: State machine of the coin checker</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity8.html')">Activity 8: Check the specified interfaces by monitoring</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/userinterface.html')">User interface</a><ul class="sectlevel4"><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity9.html')">Activity 9: State machine of the user interface</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity10.html')">Activity 10: Check the specified interfaces by monitoring</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity11.html')">Activity 11: Define time constraints</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity12.html')">Activity 12: Define a data constraint</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/componentmodel.html')">Component model</a><ul class="sectlevel4"><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity13.html')">Activity 13: Define component and add functional constraint</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/activity14.html')">Activity 14: Define additional component constraints</a><ul class="sectlevel5"></ul></li></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../tutorial/concludingremarks.html')">Concluding remarks</a><ul class="sectlevel4"></ul></li></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../commandline/commandline.html')">Command line tool</a><ul class="sectlevel3"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../eventfiles/eventfiles.html')">Event files</a><ul class="sectlevel3"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../shortcuts/shortcuts.html')">Shortcuts</a><ul class="sectlevel3"></ul></li><li><a style="" href="javascript:navigatePage('../problems/problemsolving.html')">Problem solving</a><ul class="sectlevel3"></ul></li></ul></li></ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div id="content"> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="_transitions"><a class="anchor" href="#_transitions"></a>Transitions</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph normal"> |
| <p>A transition has the form:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><span class="maroon"><strong>transition trigger</strong></span>: someTrigger <span class="maroon"><strong>guard</strong></span>: booleanExpression <span class="maroon">do</span>: actions <span class="maroon"><strong>next state</strong></span>: stateName</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The parts <span class="maroon"><strong>trigger:</strong></span>, <strong><span class="maroon">guard:</span></strong>, <strong><span class="maroon">do:</span></strong> are optional. The "<span class="maroon"><strong>next</strong> <strong>state:</span></strong>" part must be present, except in an "<span class="maroon"><strong>in</strong> <strong>all</strong> <strong>states</strong></span>" construction.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>A <strong>trigger</strong> is a command or signal from the signature. For commands and signals with parameters, actual parameters have to be provided with a type e.g., <code>Command(int param)</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>A <strong>guard</strong> is a boolean expression. Note that equality is denoted by “==”, e.g., <code>code == 3</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The <strong>do</strong> part is a sequence of actions. Possible actions are:</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code><span class="maroon">if .. then .. else .. fi</span></code></p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>A notification pattern: a notification defined in the signature plus constraints on the number of occurrences. Occurrences are given with the symbols '?' (optional), '+' (at least once), '*' (zero or more), or giving the expected numbers: [2], [1-3], [2-*]. When the occurrence is not given the notification is expected to happen once. Some examples: <code>info(23)?, statusChange(param, *)[2-*]</code></p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Assignment, for instance <code>code := 3</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>A reply to trigger command. This may include a return parameter, e.g., <code><span class="maroon">reply</span>(code+3)</code>. If it is not relevant to specify the return value, a “*” can be used, i.e., <code><span class="maroon">reply</span>(*)</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code><span class="maroon">any order</span></code> <span id="eventfragment">pattern</span>: a composition of notification patterns and a reply that can happen in any order, for example, <code><span class="maroon">any order</span>(<span class="maroon">reply</span>(Status::OnFailed), info(*), statusChange(*)*)</code>. In this example, the sequences of events shall contain one reply, one notification <em>info</em>, and zero or more notifications <em>statusChange</em>. All these events can be observed in any order.</p> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If an observed event is not accepted by the <em>any order</em> pattern and does not cause an error then the execution continues with the next action. If the <em>any order</em> construct is the last action in the transition then the transition is traversed. Consider the example <code><span class="maroon">any order</span>(a, b*)</code>. The sequence <em>b, b, c</em> causes an error because the event <em>c</em> is not among the expected events and the event <em>a</em> is not observed yet. The sequence <em>a, c</em> is not an error because <em>a</em> has to be observed exactly once, <em>b</em> is optional. In this case, the event <em>c</em> is possibly indicated by an action after the <em>any order</em>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Sometimes a group of events is repeated in many <em>any order</em> actions thus causing too long and repetitive specifications. Such groups can be defined as named event fragments, can be referred to by name from other fragments and <em>any order</em> actions. Fragment definitions cannot contain replies.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>interface iA |
| |
| event fragments |
| FrA = a+, b? |
| |
| FrB = c[1-2], fragment FrA |
| ..... |
| ..... |
| ... any order(fragment FrA) ...</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To express non-determinism, e.g., because the response to a trigger depends on internal state information, the <code><span class="maroon">OR</span></code> construct can be used. For instance:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>transition trigger: PowerOn |
| do: reply(Status::OnOK) next state: SwitchingOn |
| OR |
| do: reply(Status::OnFailed) next state: Off</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>An example of a state with transitions:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>state on { |
| transition |
| trigger: CurrentTemp(Status st, string info, bool error) |
| guard: 12.0 < temp AND temp < 34.7 |
| do: localstat := st |
| reply(temp) |
| next state: on |
| |
| transition |
| guard: code == 3 |
| do: myMode(Mode::on) |
| next state: on |
| }</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If the trigger of a transition is a command that has <span class="maroon"><strong>inout</strong></span> or <span class="maroon"><strong>out</strong></span> parameters, |
| their values should be given in the <span class="maroon"><strong>reply</strong></span> in the following order:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>the values of <span class="maroon"><strong>inout</strong></span> or <span class="maroon"><strong>out</strong></span> parameters in the order they appear in the signature of the command</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>the return value of the command. If the return type is void then no value is given</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For example, assume a command defined in a signature file:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>commands |
| bool doSomething(int input, out int r)</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The reply in a transition shall be:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre> transition trigger: doSomething(int input, int r) |
| do: |
| ... |
| reply(2, true)</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In this example, <em>true</em> is the return value of the command, <em>2</em> is the value of the out parameter r.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In the body of transitions, <span class="maroon"><strong>out</strong></span> parameters are <span class="underline">write-only</span>, that is, they can only be assigned with values but their value cannot be read in an expression.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The special value <em>any</em> (*) can be used in <span class="maroon"><strong>reply</strong></span> for <span class="maroon"><strong>inout</strong></span> and <span class="maroon"><strong>out</strong></span> parameters. |
| If an <span class="maroon"><strong>out</strong></span> parameter is not explicitly assigned with a value in a transition body then the default value of the corresponding type will be used.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
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