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<h1 id="eclipse-emfatic">Eclipse Emfatic<a class="headerlink" href="#eclipse-emfatic" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>Emfatic is a textual syntax for <a href="http://www.eclipse.org/emf">EMF Ecore</a>
(meta-)models. This page details the syntax of Emfatic and the mapping between
Emfatic declarations and the corresponding Ecore constructs.</p>
<p><img alt="" src="assets/images/emfatic-editor.png" /></p>
<h2 id="packages">Packages<a class="headerlink" href="#packages" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Emfatic programs are shown in boxes as in the example
below:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>package test;
class Foo { }</code></pre>
<p>When compiled, the program above will produce a model with an <code>EPackage</code>
named "test" containing a single <code>EClass</code> named "Foo".</p>
<p>As is probably clear from the first Emfatic program above, the keyword
package introduces an Ecore <code>EPackage</code> and the identifier following it
maps to the <code>name</code> attribute of the generated <code>EPackage</code>.</p>
<h3 id="main-package">Main Package<a class="headerlink" href="#main-package" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>The only thing required in an Emfatic source file is a package
declaration.  This required element is called the main package
declaration and the <code>EPackage</code> it defines will contain (directly or
indirectly) all of the other elements of the generated Ecore model. 
Thus the simplest possible Emfatic program would look something like
this:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>package p;</code></pre>
<p>Specifying values for the <code>EPackage</code> attributes <code>nsURI</code> and <code>nsPrefix</code>
is done like this:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>@namespace(uri="http://www.eclipse.org/emf/2002/Ecore", prefix="ecore")
package ecore;</code></pre>
<p>Note that Emfatic is case-sensitive in most contexts (reflecting the
underlying case-sensitivity of Ecore), however the identifiers
namespace, uri and prefix in the text above could be written in any
case.  Also note that the order of declaration for uri and prefix is not
important. The syntax of the @namespace declaration is actually a
special case of the more general syntax for declaring EAnnotations,
which will be described in full detail <a href="#annotations">below</a>.</p>
<h3 id="sub-packages">Sub-Packages<a class="headerlink" href="#sub-packages" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>While Ecore and Emfatic support nested/sub-packages, <a href="https://eclipsesource.com/blogs/2013/03/19/emf-dos-and-donts-5/">their use is discouraged</a> as many tools that build on top of EMF don't work well with them.</p>
</div>
<p>Ecore allows packages to be nested inside packages.  In Emfatic, the
syntax for nested packages differs from that of the main package. 
Nested package declarations are followed by a curly-brace bracketed
region which encloses the nested package contents.  The example below
demonstrates package nesting.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>package main;
package sub1 {
}
package sub2 {
package sub2_1 { }
package sub2_2 { }
}</code></pre>
<p>In the Ecore model generated from the above program, the top-level
package named "main" will contain two packages, "sub1" and "sub2",
and package sub2 will contain the packages "sub2_1" and "sub2_2".</p>
<h3 id="main-package-imports">Main Package Imports<a class="headerlink" href="#main-package-imports" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Import statements allow for types defined in external Ecore models to be
referenced.  All import statements must immediately follow the main
package declaration.  The example below demonstrates the basic syntax of
import statements.  The double-quoted string literal following the
import keyword must contain the URI of an Ecore model.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>package main;
import "platform:/resource/proj1/foo.ecore";
import "http://www.eclipse.org/emf/2002/Ecore";
package sub { }</code></pre>
<p>Note that Ecore.ecore is automatically imported, so the second import in
the program above is not really necessary.</p>
<h2 id="classifiers">Classifiers<a class="headerlink" href="#classifiers" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="classes">Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#classes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>The Emfatic syntax for class declarations is very similar to Java,
however a few quirks are required to allow for all of the possibilities
of Ecore.  The example below containing four simple class declarations
demonstrates the use of the keywords <code>class</code>, <code>interface</code> and <code>abstract</code>
and also introduces Emfatic comments (Emfatic allows both styles of Java
comments).  The comments detail the mapping from Emfatic to the <code>EClass</code>
attributes <code>interface</code> and <code>abstract</code>.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>package main;
class C1 { } // isInterface=false, isAbstract=false
abstract class C2 { } // isInterface=false, isAbstract=true
interface I1 { } // isInterface=true,  isAbstract=false
abstract interface I2 { } // isInterface=true,  isAbstract=true</code></pre>
<p>Inheritance is specified with the keyword <code>extends</code>. Unlike Java, there
is no <code>implements</code> keyword to distinguish inheritance from interface
implementation.  The example below defines an inheritance hierarchy.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>package main;
class A { }
class B { }
class C extends A, B { }
class D extends C { }</code></pre>
<p>If necessary, the value of the <code>EClassifier</code> attribute
<code>instanceClassName</code> can be specified. The class
<code>EStringToStringMapEntry</code> from Ecore.ecore provides an example of this:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>class EStringToStringMapEntry : java.util.Map$Entry {
// ... contents omitted ...
}</code></pre>
<p>Note that if the class both extends other classes and specifies a value
for <code>instanceClassName</code>, the extends clause must precede the <code>instanceClassName</code> clause.</p>
<h3 id="data-types">Data Types<a class="headerlink" href="#data-types" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Declaring an <code>EDataType</code> is fairly simple.  Here are some familiar
examples from Ecore.ecore:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>datatype EInt : int;
datatype EIntegerObject : java.lang.Integer;
transient datatype EJavaObject : java.lang.Object;
datatype EFeatureMapEntry : org.eclipse.emf.ecore.util.FeatureMap$Entry;
datatype EByteArray : "byte[]";  // Note: [ and ] are not legal
identifier characters and must be in quotes</code></pre>
<p>First note that as with classes, the value of the <code>EClassifier</code>
attribute <code>instanceClassName</code> follows the colon after the name of the
datatype.  However specifying <code>instanceClassName</code> is required for
datatypes (while it is optional for classes).</p>
<p>The keyword <code>transient</code> in the third datatype declaration above
indicates that the value of the <code>EDataType</code> <code>serializable</code> attribute
should be set to false. This is a good time to point out that the
modifier keywords introduced so far (<code>abstract</code> and <code>interface</code>) are
applied to reverse the default Ecore attribute values (by default
<code>EClass</code> attributes <code>abstract</code> and <code>interface</code> are both false).  In the
case of the <code>EDataType</code> attribute <code>serializable</code>, the default value is
true so Emfatic uses a keyword, <code>transient</code>, that means the opposite of
serializable.</p>
<p>The last two datatypes illustrate a subtle syntactic point.  The value
specified for the <code>instanceClassName</code> attribute must either be a valid
qualified identifier (a dot or dollar-sign separated list of identifiers
such as <code>java.lang.Object</code> in the third datatype above) or it must be
enclosed in double quotes.  The datatype EFeatureMapEntry contains the
character '<code>$</code>' which, following Java syntactic rules, is a legal
qualified identifier separator.  The datatype EByteArray contains the
characters '<code>[</code>' and '<code>]</code>' which are not legal in a qualified
identifier.</p>
<p>The overall point to make about qualified identifier versus
double-quoted syntax for <code>instanceClassName</code> is that the typical
datatype declaration can use the former and thus should be easier to
read and edit, while the latter is available when needed and allows for
arbitrary string text to be placed in the generated Ecore model.  There
are some other contexts where the Emfatic programmer has the option to
use either a qualified identifier or double-quoted string (see the
section on Annotations below for another example of this).</p>
<h3 id="enumerated-types">Enumerated Types<a class="headerlink" href="#enumerated-types" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>The example below demonstrates the Emfatic syntax that maps to <code>EEnum</code>
and <code>EEnumLiteral</code>.  Note that the simple assignment expressions specify
the <code>value</code> attribute of each generated <code>EEnumLiteral</code>.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>enum E {
A=1;
B=2;
C=3;
}</code></pre>
<p>In fact, specifying enumeration literal values is optional and Emfatic
generates reasonable values when they are left unspecified.  The code
and comments below describe the rules for this.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>enum E {
A; // = 0 (if not specified, first literal has value 0)
B = 3;
C; // = 4 (in general, unspecified values are 1 greater than previous value)
D; // = 5
}</code></pre>
<h3 id="map-entries">Map Entries<a class="headerlink" href="#map-entries" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>MapEntry classes (such as <code>EStringToStringMapEntry</code> in Ecore.ecore) can
be specified in either of two ways.  The "longhand" way is to declare
a class with features named <code>key</code> and <code>value</code> and with
<code>[instanceClass=java.util.Map$Entry]</code> as suggested at the end of section
2.1 above. But there is a convienent shorthand notation which achieves
the same result:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>mapentry EStringToStringMapEntry : String -&gt; String;</code></pre>
<p>The expression following the colon gives the type of the MapEntry <code>key</code>
structural feature followed by the <code>-&gt;</code> operator, followed by the type
of the <code>value</code> structural feature.  Type expressions can be more complex
than shown in the example above and are detailed fully in the next
section.</p>
<h2 id="type-expressions">Type Expressions<a class="headerlink" href="#type-expressions" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The most basic Ecore elements that haven't yet been explored in Emfatic
are the structural and behavioral class features represented by the
Ecore classes <code>EAttribute</code>, <code>EReference</code>, <code>EOperation</code> and
<code>EParameter</code>.  These four Ecore classes are all derived from
<code>ETypedElement</code> which means that instances of them have some type (which
is an <code>EClassifier</code>) and inherit the other characteristics of
<code>ETypedElement</code>, like multiplicity.  Before we can describe each
specific kind of class feature, we need to show how types are
represented syntactically, because that applies (more or less) to all of
them.</p>
<p>Type expressions have two parts.  First is a simple identifier or a
qualified identifier (a dot-separated list of simple identifiers like
"a.b.c") that identifies some <code>EClassifier</code>.  The <code>EClassifier</code>
identified may be defined in the same Emfatic source file as the type
expression, or it may be in one of the imported Ecore models (specified
in import statements).</p>
<p>Let's skip ahead a little by looking at some attribute declarations so
that we can talk about their type expressions:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>package test;
datatype D1 : int;
package P {
datatype D2 : int;
}
class C {
attr D1 d1;
attr P.D2 d2;
attr ecore.EString s1;
attr String s2;
}</code></pre>
<p>The class named "C" above declares four attributes with the names
"d1", "d2", "s1" and "s2".  Note that Emfatic follows Java
syntactic style in placing type expression before the name.  However
unlike Java field declarations, Emfatic uses a keyword - <code>attr</code> - to
introduce an attribute. (The keyword <code>attr</code> and similar keywords to
introduce references and operations will explained in more detail in the
following sub-sections).</p>
<p>The type expression for d1 is "D1" which identifies the datatype D1. 
Because C and D1 are in the same package (test), this simple expression
is fine.</p>
<p>The type expression for d2 is "P.D2".  In this case a qualified
identifier expression is necessary to identify datatype D2 inside
package P.</p>
<p>The type expression for s1 is "ecore.EString".  This identifies the
datatype EString in package ecore (recall that model Ecore.ecore is
implicitly imported in all Emfatic programs).</p>
<p>The type expression for s2 is "String".  The identifier String is
actually a special shorthand for ecore.EString, so s1 and s2 have the
same type.</p>
<h3 id="basic-types">Basic Types<a class="headerlink" href="#basic-types" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>A number of the types defined in Ecore.ecore have shorthand notation in
Emfatic.  The table below lists the Emfatic shorthand and the
corresponding Ecore.ecore type name for each of these basic types as
well as the corresponding Java type or class.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Emfatic Keyword</th>
<th>Ecore EClassifier name</th>
<th>Java type name</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>boolean</td>
<td>EBoolean</td>
<td>boolean</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Boolean</td>
<td>EBooleanObject</td>
<td>java.lang.Boolean</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>byte</td>
<td>EByte</td>
<td>byte</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Byte</td>
<td>EByteObject</td>
<td>java.lang.Byte</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>char</td>
<td>EChar</td>
<td>char</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Character</td>
<td>ECharacterObject</td>
<td>java.lang.Character</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>double</td>
<td>EDouble</td>
<td>double</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Double</td>
<td>EDoubleObject</td>
<td>java.lang.Double</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>float</td>
<td>EFloat</td>
<td>float</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Float</td>
<td>EFloatObject</td>
<td>java.lang.Float</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>int</td>
<td>EInt</td>
<td>int</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Integer</td>
<td>EIntegerObject</td>
<td>java.lang.Integer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>long</td>
<td>ELong</td>
<td>long</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Long</td>
<td>ELongObject</td>
<td>java.lang.Long</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>short</td>
<td>EShort</td>
<td>short</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Short</td>
<td>EShortObject</td>
<td>java.lang.Short</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Date</td>
<td>EDate</td>
<td>java.util.Date</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>String</td>
<td>EString</td>
<td>java.lang.String</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Object</td>
<td>EJavaObject</td>
<td>java.lang.Object</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Class</td>
<td>EJavaClass</td>
<td>java.lang.Class</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EObject</td>
<td>EObject</td>
<td>org.eclipse.emf.ecore.EObject</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EClass</td>
<td>EClass</td>
<td>org.eclipse.emf.ecore.EClass</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Remember that you can always reference these types, and the rest of the
types in Ecore.ecore, by using their fully qualified name which begins
with the package prefix "ecore".  For example <code>ecore.EOperation</code> and
<code>ecore.EBigInteger</code> are also legal references to types in Ecore.ecore.</p>
<h3 id="multiplicity-expressions">Multiplicity Expressions<a class="headerlink" href="#multiplicity-expressions" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>The second part of a type expression is the multiplicity expression. 
This maps to the <code>lowerBound</code> and <code>upperBound</code> attributes of
<code>ETypedElement</code>.  Multiplicity expressions are optional, but when
omitted the generated <code>ETypedElement</code> gets the defaults (<code>lowerBound</code> =
0 and <code>upperBound</code> = 1).  The example below shows some attribute
declarations with multiplicity expressions:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>class C {
attr String[1] s1;
attr String[0..3] s2;
attr String[*] s3;
attr String[+] s4;
}</code></pre>
<p>The mapping between various multiplicity expressions and the
<code>lowerBound</code> and <code>upperBound</code> attributes of the generated
<code>ETypedElement</code> is detailed more fully in the following table.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Emfatic multiplicity expression</th>
<th>ETypedElement lowerBound</th>
<th>ETypedElement upperBound</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>none</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[?]</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[]</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>unbounded (-1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[*]</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>unbounded (-1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[+]</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>unbounded (-1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[1]</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[n]</td>
<td>n</td>
<td>n</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[0..4]</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[m..n]</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>n</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[5..*]</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>unbounded (-1)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[1..?]</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>unspecified (-2)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="escaping-keywords">Escaping Keywords<a class="headerlink" href="#escaping-keywords" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Sometimes it's necessary or desirable to use a keyword as the name for
some model element.  This can be acheived by prefixing the name
identifier with the '<code>~</code>' symbol.  This ability was added primarily to
make it possible to represent Ecore.ecore in Emfatic, so we'll show
another example from Ecore.ecore here to illustrate:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>class EClass extends EClassifier
{
// ...
~abstract : EBoolean;
~interface : EBoolean;
// ...
}</code></pre>
<p>Recall that the <code>abstract</code> and <code>interface</code> keywords are used in class
declarations.  The code above shows how they can be used as attribute
names.  Emfatic removes the '<code>~</code>' symbol so names in the generated
Ecore model do not contain it.</p>
<h2 id="structural-and-behavioral-features">Structural and Behavioral Features<a class="headerlink" href="#structural-and-behavioral-features" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Now we are ready to show how the Ecore class features <code>EAttribute</code>,
<code>EReference</code>, <code>EOperation</code> and <code>EParameter</code> are represented in Emfatic. 
The example below is the class <code>EPackage</code> from Ecore.ecore and it was
chosen to give a feel for the feature syntax because it contains a
sample of each kind of class feature. </p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>class EPackage extends ENamedElement {
op EClassifier getEClassifier(EString name);
attr EString nsURI;
attr EString nsPrefix;
transient !resolve ref EFactory[1]#ePackage eFactoryInstance;
val EClassifier[*]#ePackage eClassifiers;
val EPackage[*]#eSuperPackage eSubpackages;
readonly transient ref EPackage#eSubpackages eSuperPackage;
}</code></pre>
<p>For now we just want to point out that the syntax for class features is
based on the syntax of Java with one key difference.  In Java some
elements are introduced with special keywords like <code>class</code> and
<code>interface</code>, but type members like fields and methods have no such
keywords to introduce them.  This works for Java because fields and
methods can be distinguished by looking at other syntactic featues
(methods have parenthesis and fields do not).  However the distinction
between what EMF calls attributes and references doesn't really exist
in Java, so there is no distinguishing syntax.  Because of this and
because class features are such an essential element of EMF, a decision
was made to use keywords to introduce and differentiate attributes,
references and operations.  Thus in Emfatic the basic syntax for a class
feature looks like this: </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>modifiers   featureKind   typeExpression   name   &#39;;&#39;
</code></pre></div>
<p>Where <code>featureKind</code> is one of the four keywords in the following table.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Emfatic keyword</th>
<th>introduces</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>attr</td>
<td>EAttribute</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>op</td>
<td>EOperation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ref</td>
<td>normal EReference (EReference.containment = false)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>val</td>
<td>"by value" EReference (EReference.containment = true)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h3 id="modifiers">Modifiers<a class="headerlink" href="#modifiers" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Look again at the Emfatic code above for <code>EPackage</code> and note in the last
class feature declaration the keyword <code>ref</code> is preceded by the words
<code>readonly</code> and <code>transient</code>.  These are modifiers similar in spirit to
Java's modifiers such as <code>public</code>, <code>private</code> and <code>abstract</code>.  However
these modifiers map to boolean attributes on the Ecore classes involved
in defining structural and behavioral features.  These modifiers must
appear directly before the feature's type expression.  The table below
describes each modifier.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Modifier</th>
<th>Means</th>
<th>Applies to</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>readonly</td>
<td>EStructuralFeature.changeable = false</td>
<td>attribute, reference</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>volatile</td>
<td>EStructuralFeature.volatile = true</td>
<td>attribute, reference</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>transient</td>
<td>EStructuralFeature.transient = true</td>
<td>attribute, reference</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>unsettable</td>
<td>EStructuralFeature.unsettable = true</td>
<td>attribute, reference</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>derived</td>
<td>EStructuralFeature.derived = true</td>
<td>attribute, reference</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>unique</td>
<td>ETypedElement.unique = true</td>
<td>attribute, reference, operation, parameter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ordered</td>
<td>ETypedElement.ordered = true</td>
<td>attribute, reference, operation, parameter</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>resolve</td>
<td>EReference.resolveProxies = true</td>
<td>reference</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>id</td>
<td>EAttribute.iD = true</td>
<td>attribute</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note that the meaning of a modifier may be negated by prefixing the <code>!</code>
operator.  The example below demonstrates this with an non-ordered
attribute:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>class X {
!ordered attr String[*] s;
}</code></pre>
<p>Normally the only modifiers that you should see negated with <code>!</code> are
<code>unique</code>, <code>ordered</code> and <code>resolve</code>.  This is because these three are true
by default, so reversing the Ecore default means using the <code>!</code>
operator.  Note also that <code>EStructuralFeature.changeable</code> is true by
default, but the modifier keyword <code>readonly</code> means the opposite
(<code>EStructuralFeature.changeable</code> = false).</p>
<h3 id="attributes">Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#attributes" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>We've now seen attribute naming and type expressions.  Attributes may
also be assigned default value expressions.  Below is an example showing
the various forms of attribute syntax.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>class C {
attr String s;
attr int i = 1;
attr ecore.EBoolean b = true;
}</code></pre>
<p>Again note that the declaration of attributes is basically identical to
declaring fields in Java except for the presence of the <code>attr</code> keyword.</p>
<h3 id="references">References<a class="headerlink" href="#references" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>The type expression syntax for references is slightly complicated by the
fact that we need some way to identify the opposite of a reference. 
Let's return again to the code for <code>EPackage</code>, but we'll just look at
the last two feature declarations:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>class EPackage extends ENamedElement {
// ...
val EPackage[*]#eSuperPackage eSubpackages;
readonly transient ref EPackage#eSubpackages eSuperPackage;
}</code></pre>
<p>Notice that the type expressions are followed by a <code>#</code> symbol and an
identifier.  This identifier names the <code>EReference</code> which is the
<code>opposite</code> of the reference being declared.  If a reference doesn't
need to specify its opposite then that part (including the <code>#</code> symbol)
is omitted.</p>
<h3 id="operations">Operations<a class="headerlink" href="#operations" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>The declaration syntax for operations is Java-like as described above,
including use of the keyword <code>void</code> to identify operations which don't
return a value.  Also a Java-like <code>throws</code> clause allows for the
declaration of exception types:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>class X {
op String getFullName();
op void returnsNothing();
op int add(int a, int b);
op EObject doSomething(int a, ecore.EBoolean b) throws ExceptionA, ExceptionB;
}</code></pre>
<h2 id="annotations">Annotations<a class="headerlink" href="#annotations" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Annotations can be attached to every kind of EMF element, however only
the <code>source</code> and <code>details</code> features of the resulting <code>EAnnotation</code> can
be specified in Emfatic.  The Emfatic syntax for representing EMF
annotations was inspired by the syntax being introduced for Java
annotations in Java 1.5 ("Tiger").  The <code>@</code> symbol is followed by the
value of the <code>EAnnotation</code> <code>source</code> attribute.  Key/value pairs for the
annotation <code>details</code> may appear in parenthesis following the <code>source</code>
value.  Multiple annotations can be attached to each element.  Usually
the annotation appears just before its containing element (parameter and
enum literal annotations may appear just after the declaration).  The
example below gives some examples of annotations.</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>@"http://source/uri"("key1"="value1", "key2"="value2")
@sourceLabel(key.a="value1", key.b="value2")
@simpleAttr
package test;
@"http://class/annotation"(k="v")
class C {
@"http://attribute/annotation"(k="v")
attr int a;
op int Op(
@before(k=v) int a,
int b @after(k=v)
);
}
enum E {
@"http://before"(k=v)
A=1;
B=2 @"http://after"(k=v);
}</code></pre>
<p>One subtle point to note is that double quotes are only required around
the string value if it is not a valid simple or qualified identifier. 
So an identifier like <code>key</code> or <code>key.a.b.c</code> need not be quoted, but most
complex strings (such as urls) will need to be.</p>
<h3 id="annotation-labels">Annotation Labels<a class="headerlink" href="#annotation-labels" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Emfatic allows for short labels to be defined that map to longer URI
values for the <code>source</code> attribute of an <code>EAnnotation</code>.  The purpose of
this feature is to simplify the Emfatic code, making it easier to read
and edit.  Several annotation labels are available by default, as shown
in the following table:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Emfatic annotation label</th>
<th>maps to EAnnotation.source value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Ecore</td>
<td>http://www.eclipse.org/emf/2002/Ecore</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>GenModel</td>
<td>http://www.eclipse.org/emf/2002/GenModel</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ExtendedMetaData</td>
<td>http:///org/eclipse/emf/ecore/util/ExtendedMetaData</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EmfaticAnnotationMap</td>
<td>http://www.eclipse.org/emf/2004/EmfaticAnnotationMap</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The code below shows some examples:</p>
<pre class="prettyprint lang-emf"><code>@EmfaticAnnotationMap(myLabel="http://foo/bar")
@genmodel(documentation="model documentation")
package test;
@ecore(constraints="constraintA constraintB")
@myLabel(key="value")
class C {
}</code></pre>
<p>There are several details to elaborate on in the example above.  First
note that labels are not case sensitive (so <code>Ecore</code> and <code>ecore</code> and
<code>ECORE</code> all work the same way).</p>
<p>Second, note that declaring an annotation using the label
<code>EmfaticAnnotationMap</code> has the side effect of creating a new label which
can be used later in the program.  So the second annotation on class
"C" will get the <code>source</code> value of <code>"http://foo/bar"</code>.</p>
<p>Finally, note that the code above shows how to introduce model
documentation and constraints in a way that will later flow into
generated Java code when working with an EMF genmodel.</p>
<h2 id="about">About<a class="headerlink" href="#about" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>This article was originally written by Chris Daly (cjdaly@us.ibm.com)
(Copyright IBM Corp. 2004) and was hosted under IBM alphaWorks.</p>
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