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|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/mqtt-adapter-config/" title="MQTT Adapter Configuration" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/mqtt-adapter-config/"> | 
|  | MQTT Adapter Configuration | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/amqp-adapter-config/" title="AMQP Adapter Configuration" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/amqp-adapter-config/"> | 
|  | AMQP Adapter Configuration | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/coap-adapter-config/" title="CoAP Adapter Configuration" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/coap-adapter-config/"> | 
|  | CoAP Adapter Configuration | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/kura-adapter-config/" title="Kura Adapter Configuration" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/kura-adapter-config/"> | 
|  | Kura Adapter Configuration | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/hono-client-configuration/" title="Hono Client Configuration" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/hono-client-configuration/"> | 
|  | Hono Client Configuration | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/hono-kafka-client-configuration/" title="Hono Kafka Client Configuration" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/hono-kafka-client-configuration/"> | 
|  | Hono Kafka Client Configuration | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/amqp-network-config/" title="AMQP 1.0 Messaging Network Configuration" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/amqp-network-config/"> | 
|  | AMQP 1.0 Messaging Network Configuration | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/secure_communication/" title="Secure Communication" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/secure_communication/"> | 
|  | Secure Communication | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/monitoring-tracing-config/" title="Monitoring & Tracing" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/admin-guide/monitoring-tracing-config/"> | 
|  | Monitoring & Tracing | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | </ul> | 
|  |  | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/dev-guide/" title="Developer Guide" class="dd-item | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/dev-guide/"> | 
|  | <i class="fas fa-tools"></i> Developer Guide | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ul> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/dev-guide/building_hono/" title="Building from Source" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/dev-guide/building_hono/"> | 
|  | Building from Source | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/dev-guide/amqp_adapter_client/" title="AMQP Adapter Client for Java" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/dev-guide/amqp_adapter_client/"> | 
|  | AMQP Adapter Client for Java | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/dev-guide/java_client_consumer/" title="Consuming Messages from Java" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/dev-guide/java_client_consumer/"> | 
|  | Consuming Messages from Java | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/dev-guide/custom_http_adapter/" title="Implement a Custom Hono HTTP Protocol Adapter" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/dev-guide/custom_http_adapter/"> | 
|  | Implement a Custom Hono HTTP Protocol Adapter | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | </ul> | 
|  |  | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/" title="API" class="dd-item | 
|  | parent | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/"> | 
|  |  <i class='fas fa-plug'></i> API | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ul> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/telemetry/" title="Telemetry API Specification" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/telemetry/"> | 
|  | Telemetry API | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/event/" title="Event API Specification" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/event/"> | 
|  | Event API | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/command-and-control/" title="Command & Control API Specification" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/command-and-control/"> | 
|  | Command & Control API | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/kafka-api/" title="Kafka-based APIs" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/kafka-api/"> | 
|  | Kafka-based APIs | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/telemetry-kafka/" title="Telemetry API for Kafka Specification" class="dd-item active"> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/telemetry-kafka/"> | 
|  | Telemetry API for Kafka | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/event-kafka/" title="Event API for Kafka Specification" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/event-kafka/"> | 
|  | Event API for Kafka | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/command-and-control-kafka/" title="Command & Control API for Kafka Specification" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/command-and-control-kafka/"> | 
|  | Command & Control API for Kafka | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/tenant/" title="Tenant API Specification" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/tenant/"> | 
|  | Tenant API | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/command-router/" title="Command Router API Specification" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/command-router/"> | 
|  | Command Router API | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/device-connection/" title="Device Connection API Specification" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/device-connection/"> | 
|  | Device Connection API | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/device-registration/" title="Device Registration API Specification" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/device-registration/"> | 
|  | Device Registration API | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/credentials/" title="Credentials API Specification" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/credentials/"> | 
|  | Credentials API | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/authentication/" title="Authentication API Specification" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/authentication/"> | 
|  | Authentication API | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/management/" title="Device Registry Management API Specification" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/management/"> | 
|  | Device Registry Management API | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/api/metrics/" title="Metrics" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/metrics/"> | 
|  | Metrics | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | </ul> | 
|  |  | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/deployment/" title="Deployment" class="dd-item | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/deployment/"> | 
|  | <i class="fas fa-shipping-fast"></i> Deployment | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ul> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/deployment/helm-based-deployment/" title="Helm based Deployment" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/deployment/helm-based-deployment/"> | 
|  | Helm based Deployment | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/deployment/openshift/" title="OpenShift / OKD" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/deployment/openshift/"> | 
|  | OpenShift / OKD | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/deployment/create-kubernetes-cluster/" title="Setting up a Kubernetes Cluster" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/deployment/create-kubernetes-cluster/"> | 
|  | Setting up a Kubernetes Cluster | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/deployment/resource-limitation/" title="Limiting Resource Usage" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/deployment/resource-limitation/"> | 
|  | Limiting Resource Usage | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | </ul> | 
|  |  | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/architecture/" title="Architecture" class="dd-item | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/architecture/"> | 
|  | <i class="fas fa-landmark"></i> Architecture | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ul> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <li data-nav-id="/hono/docs/dev/architecture/component-view/" title="Component View" class="dd-item "> | 
|  | <a href="/hono/docs/dev/architecture/component-view/"> | 
|  | Component View | 
|  |  | 
|  | </a> | 
|  | </li> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
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|  | Telemetry API for Kafka Specification | 
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|  |  | 
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|  |  | 
|  | <p>The <em>Telemetry</em> API is used by <em>Protocol Adapters</em> to send telemetry data downstream. | 
|  | <em>Business Applications</em> and other consumers use the API to receive data published by devices belonging to a particular tenant.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>The Telemetry API for Kafka is an alternative to the <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/telemetry/">Telemetry API for AMQP</a>. | 
|  | With this API, clients publish telemetry data to an Apache Kafka® cluster instead of an AMQP Messaging Network.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>See <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/kafka-api/">Kafka-based APIs</a> for fundamental information about Hono’s Kafka-based APIs. | 
|  | The statements there apply to this specification.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <div class="alert alert-notice"> | 
|  | <h4 class="alert-heading"><i class="fas fa-info-circle"></i> Tech preview</h4> | 
|  | <div>The support of Kafka as a messaging system is currently a preview and not yet ready for production. The APIs are subject to change without prior notice.</div> | 
|  | </div> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <h2 id="southbound-operations">Southbound Operations</h2> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>The following operation can be used by <em>Protocol Adapters</em> to send telemetry data received from devices to downstream consumers like <em>Business Applications</em>.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <h3 id="produce-telemetry-data">Produce Telemetry Data</h3> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>The protocol adapter writes messages to the tenant-specific topic <code>hono.telemetry.${tenant_id}</code> where <code>${tenant_id}</code> is the ID of the tenant that the client wants to upload telemetry data for.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p><strong>Preconditions</strong></p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ol> | 
|  | <li>Either the topic <code>hono.telemetry.${tenant_id}</code> exists, or the broker is configured to automatically create topics on demand.</li> | 
|  | <li>The client is authorized to write to the topic.</li> | 
|  | <li>The device for which the adapter wants to send telemetry data has been registered (see <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/device-registration/">Device Registration API</a>).</li> | 
|  | </ol> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p><strong>Message Flow</strong></p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>It is up to the discretion of the protocol adapter whether it wants to use <em>AT LEAST ONCE</em> or <em>AT MOST ONCE</em> delivery semantics | 
|  | according to <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/kafka-api/#at-least-once-producers">AT LEAST ONCE Producers</a> | 
|  | respectively <a href="/hono/docs/dev/api/kafka-api/#at-most-once-producers">AT MOST ONCE Producers</a>.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>The recommended Kafka producer properties for <em>AT LEAST ONCE</em> delivery are: <code>enable.idempotence=true</code>, <code>acks=all</code>, <code>max.in.flight.requests.per.connection=5</code>, | 
|  | leaving <em>retries</em> unset, and setting <em>delivery.timeout.ms</em> to a reasonable value (supported from Kafka version 1.0.0 on).</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>The following sequence diagram illustrates the flow of messages involved in the <em>HTTP Adapter</em> producing a telemetry data message to the Kafka cluster implementing <em>AT MOST ONCE</em> delivery semantics.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <figure> | 
|  | <img src="produce_kafka_qos0.svg"/> <figcaption> | 
|  | <h4>Produce telemetry data flow (AT MOST ONCE)</h4> | 
|  | </figcaption> | 
|  | </figure> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ol> | 
|  | <li><em>Device</em> <code>4711</code> PUTs telemetry data to the <em>HTTP Adapter</em> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ol> | 
|  | <li><em>HTTP Adapter</em> produces telemetry data to the <em>Kafka Cluster</em>.</li> | 
|  | <li><em>HTTP Adapter</em> acknowledges the reception of the data to the <em>Device</em>.</li> | 
|  | </ol></li> | 
|  | </ol> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>The following sequence diagram illustrates the flow of messages involved in the <em>HTTP Adapter</em> producing a telemetry data message to the Kafka cluster implementing <em>AT LEAST ONCE</em> delivery semantics.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <figure> | 
|  | <img src="produce_kafka_qos1.svg"/> <figcaption> | 
|  | <h4>Produce telemetry data flow (AT LEAST ONCE)</h4> | 
|  | </figcaption> | 
|  | </figure> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ol> | 
|  | <li><em>Device</em> <code>4711</code> PUTs telemetry data to the <em>HTTP Adapter</em>, indicating <em>QoS Level</em> 1. | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ol> | 
|  | <li><em>HTTP Adapter</em> produces telemetry data to the <em>Kafka Cluster</em>.</li> | 
|  | <li><em>Kafka Cluster</em> acknowledges reception of the message.</li> | 
|  | <li><em>HTTP Adapter</em> acknowledges the reception of the data to the <em>Device</em>.</li> | 
|  | </ol></li> | 
|  | </ol> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>When a Kafka producer raises an exception while sending a telemetry message to Kafka, the protocol adapter MUST NOT try to re-send such rejected messages but SHOULD indicate the failed transfer to the device if the transport protocol provides means to do so.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p><strong>Use <em>AT LEAST ONCE</em> and <em>AT MOST ONCE</em> in a Protocol Adapter</strong></p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>If a protocol adapter should support both delivery semantics, a single producer MUST be used and it MUST be configured | 
|  | for <em>AT LEAST ONCE</em>. It may not wait for acknowledgements of <em>AT MOST ONCE</em> messages.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>A protocol adapter MUST NOT use two producers sending telemetry data for the same device. | 
|  | Otherwise, the messages from a device with different QoS levels could be out of order, as Kafka does not guarantee the | 
|  | message order between multiple producer instances.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p><strong>Message Format</strong></p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>The key of the message MUST be the device ID.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>Metadata MUST be set as Kafka headers on a message. | 
|  | The following table provides an overview of the headers a client needs to set on a <em>Produce Telemetry Data</em> message.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <table> | 
|  | <thead> | 
|  | <tr> | 
|  | <th align="left">Name</th> | 
|  | <th align="center">Mandatory</th> | 
|  | <th align="left">Type</th> | 
|  | <th align="left">Description</th> | 
|  | </tr> | 
|  | </thead> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <tbody> | 
|  | <tr> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>content-type</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="center">yes</td> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>string</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="left">A content type indicating the type and characteristics of the data contained in the message value as a valid MIME type, e.g. <code>text/plain; charset="utf-8"</code> for a text message or <code>application/json</code> etc. The value may be set to <code>application/octet-stream</code> if the message message value is to be considered <em>opaque</em> binary data. See <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2046.txt">RFC 2046</a> for details.</td> | 
|  | </tr> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <tr> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>content-encoding</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="center">no</td> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>string</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="left">The content encoding as defined in section 3.5 of <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">RFC 2616</a>.</td> | 
|  | </tr> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <tr> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>creation-time</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="center">no</td> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>long</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="left">The instant in time (milliseconds since the Unix epoch) when the message has been created. This header is mandatory if <em>ttd</em> or <em>ttl</em> is set, otherwise, it is optional.</td> | 
|  | </tr> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <tr> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>device_id</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="center">yes</td> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>string</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="left">The identifier of the device that the data in the message value is originating from.</td> | 
|  | </tr> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <tr> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>qos</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="center">no</td> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>int</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="left">The quality of service level of the message. Supported values are <code>0</code> for AT MOST ONCE and <code>1</code> for AT LEAST ONCE.</td> | 
|  | </tr> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <tr> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>ttd</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="center">no</td> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>int</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="left">The <em>time ‘til disconnect</em> indicates the number of seconds that the device will remain connected to the protocol adapter. The value of this header must be interpreted relative to the message’s <em>creation-time</em>. A value of <code>-1</code> is used to indicate that the device will remain connected until further notice, i.e. until another message indicates a <em>ttd</em> value of <code>0</code>. In absence of this property, the connection status of the device is to be considered indeterminate. <em>Backend Applications</em> might use this information to determine a time window during which the device will be able to receive a command.</td> | 
|  | </tr> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <tr> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>ttl</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="center">no</td> | 
|  | <td align="left"><em>long</em></td> | 
|  | <td align="left">The <em>time-to-live</em> in milliseconds. A consumer of the message SHOULD discard the message if the sum of <em>creation-time</em> and <em>ttl</em> is greater than the current time (milliseconds since the Unix epoch).</td> | 
|  | </tr> | 
|  | </tbody> | 
|  | </table> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>Protocol adapters MAY add additional headers to the Kafka record.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>The value of the message MUST consist of a byte array containing the telemetry data. The format and encoding of the data MUST be indicated by the <em>content-type</em> and (optional) <em>content-encoding</em> headers of the message.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <h2 id="northbound-operations">Northbound Operations</h2> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>The following operation can be used by <em>Business Applications</em> to receive telemetry data from Kafka.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <h3 id="consume-telemetry-data">Consume Telemetry Data</h3> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>Hono delivers messages containing telemetry data reported by a particular device in the same order that they have been received in (using the <a href="#produce-telemetry-data">Produce Telemetry Data</a> operation). | 
|  | <em>Business Applications</em> consume messages from the tenant-specific topic <code>hono.telemetry.${tenant_id}</code> where <code>${tenant_id}</code> represents the ID of the tenant the client wants to retrieve telemetry data for.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p><strong>Preconditions</strong></p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ol> | 
|  | <li>Either the topic <code>hono.telemetry.${tenant_id}</code> exists, or the broker is configured to automatically create topics on demand.</li> | 
|  | <li>The client is authorized to read from the topic.</li> | 
|  | <li>The client subscribes to the topic with a Kafka consumer.</li> | 
|  | </ol> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>A consumer can provide <em>AT MOST ONCE</em> or <em>AT LEAST ONCE</em> delivery semantics depending on the offset commit strategy it implements. | 
|  | If a message has the <em>qos</em> Kafka header with the value <code>1</code>, the consumer is expected to provide proper | 
|  | <em>AT LEAST ONCE</em> semantics, and therefore MUST NOT commit the message <em>offset</em> before it has been fully processed.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p><strong>Message Flow</strong></p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>The following sequence diagram illustrates the flow of messages involved in a <em>Business Application</em> consuming a telemetry data message from the Kafka cluster. The delivery mode used is <em>AT LEAST ONCE</em>.</p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <figure> | 
|  | <img src="consume_kafka.svg"/> <figcaption> | 
|  | <h4>Consume Telemetry Data</h4> | 
|  | </figcaption> | 
|  | </figure> | 
|  |  | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ol> | 
|  | <li><em>Business Application</em> polls telemetry messages from <em>Kafka Cluster</em>. | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ol> | 
|  | <li><em>Kafka Cluster</em> returns a batch of messages.</li> | 
|  | </ol></li> | 
|  | <li><em>Business Application</em> processes the messages.</li> | 
|  | <li><em>Business Application</em> commits the offset of the last processed telemetry message. | 
|  |  | 
|  | <ol> | 
|  | <li><em>Kafka Cluster</em> acknowledges the commit.</li> | 
|  | </ol></li> | 
|  | </ol> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p><strong>Message Format</strong></p> | 
|  |  | 
|  | <p>The format of the messages containing the telemetry data is the same as for the <a href="#produce-telemetry-data">Produce Telemetry Data operation</a>.</p> | 
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