NEW - bug 203778: Article on "Specifying Generics with UML Templates"
https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=203778
diff --git a/Article-Defining-Generics-with-UML-Templates/article.html b/Article-Defining-Generics-with-UML-Templates/article.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3937244
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Article-Defining-Generics-with-UML-Templates/article.html
@@ -0,0 +1,2616 @@
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+xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office"
+xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word"
+xmlns:st1="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
+xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document>
+<meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 10">
+<meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 10">
+<link rel=File-List href="article_files/filelist.xml">
+<link rel=Edit-Time-Data href="article_files/editdata.mso">
+<!--[if !mso]>
+<style>
+v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
+o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
+w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
+.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
+</style>
+<![endif]-->
+<title>Generics in UML</title>
+<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
+ name="country-region"/>
+<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
+ name="place"/>
+<o:SmartTagType namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"
+ name="date"/>
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+ <o:DocumentProperties>
+ <o:Author>jbruck</o:Author>
+ <o:Template>Normal</o:Template>
+ <o:LastAuthor>jbruck</o:LastAuthor>
+ <o:Revision>741</o:Revision>
+ <o:TotalTime>24748</o:TotalTime>
+ <o:LastPrinted>2006-09-12T15:08:00Z</o:LastPrinted>
+ <o:Created>2004-07-06T14:17:00Z</o:Created>
+ <o:LastSaved>2007-09-18T13:14:00Z</o:LastSaved>
+ <o:Pages>1</o:Pages>
+ <o:Words>2888</o:Words>
+ <o:Characters>16463</o:Characters>
+ <o:Company>IBM</o:Company>
+ <o:Lines>137</o:Lines>
+ <o:Paragraphs>38</o:Paragraphs>
+ <o:CharactersWithSpaces>19313</o:CharactersWithSpaces>
+ <o:Version>10.6830</o:Version>
+ </o:DocumentProperties>
+</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
+ <w:WordDocument>
+ <w:ActiveWritingStyle Lang="EN-US" VendorID="64" DLLVersion="131078"
+ NLCheck="1">1</w:ActiveWritingStyle>
+ <w:SpellingState>Clean</w:SpellingState>
+ <w:GrammarState>Clean</w:GrammarState>
+ <w:Compatibility>
+ <w:ApplyBreakingRules/>
+ </w:Compatibility>
+ <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel>
+ </w:WordDocument>
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+ classid="clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D" id=ieooui></object>
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+ {font-family:"MS Mincho";
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+ mso-generic-font-family:modern;
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+a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
+ {color:blue;
+ text-decoration:underline;
+ text-underline:single;}
+a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
+ {color:purple;
+ text-decoration:underline;
+ text-underline:single;}
+p.MsoDocumentMap, li.MsoDocumentMap, div.MsoDocumentMap
+ {mso-style-noshow:yes;
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+ {mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}
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+ {mso-style-name:"";
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+ mso-level-number-position:left;
+ text-indent:-.25in;}
+ol
+ {margin-bottom:0in;}
+ul
+ {margin-bottom:0in;}
+-->
+</style>
+<!--[if gte mso 10]>
+<style>
+ /* Style Definitions */
+ table.MsoNormalTable
+ {mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
+ mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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+ mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
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+ mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
+ mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
+table.MsoTableSimple2FirstCol
+ {mso-style-name:"Table Simple 2";
+ mso-table-condition:first-column;
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+ mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
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+ {mso-style-name:"Table Simple 2";
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+ mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
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+ {mso-style-name:"Table Simple 2";
+ mso-table-condition:ne-cell;
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+ mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
+table.MsoTableSimple2SWCell
+ {mso-style-name:"Table Simple 2";
+ mso-table-condition:sw-cell;
+ mso-tstyle-border-top:0in none windowtext;
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+ mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
+table.MsoTableClassic1
+ {mso-style-name:"Table Classic 1";
+ mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
+ mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
+ border-top:solid black 1.5pt;
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+table.MsoTableClassic1FirstRow
+ {mso-style-name:"Table Classic 1";
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+ mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
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+table.MsoTableClassic1FirstCol
+ {mso-style-name:"Table Classic 1";
+ mso-table-condition:first-column;
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+table.MsoTableClassic1NECell
+ {mso-style-name:"Table Classic 1";
+ mso-table-condition:ne-cell;
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+ mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
+ mso-ansi-font-style:normal;
+ mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
+table.MsoTableClassic1SWCell
+ {mso-style-name:"Table Classic 1";
+ mso-table-condition:sw-cell;
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+ mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
+ mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
+ mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
+ mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
+table.MsoTableList1
+ {mso-style-name:"Table List 1";
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+table.MsoTableList1FirstRow
+ {mso-style-name:"Table List 1";
+ mso-table-condition:first-row;
+ mso-tstyle-shading:white;
+ mso-tstyle-pattern:solid silver;
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+ mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
+ mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
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+ mso-bidi-font-style:italic;}
+table.MsoTableList1LastRow
+ {mso-style-name:"Table List 1";
+ mso-table-condition:last-row;
+ mso-tstyle-border-top:.75pt solid black;
+ mso-tstyle-diagonal-down:0in none windowtext;
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+ mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;}
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+ mso-table-condition:odd-row;
+ mso-tstyle-shading:white;
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+ mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
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+table.MsoTableList1EvenRow
+ {mso-style-name:"Table List 1";
+ mso-table-condition:even-row;
+ mso-tstyle-diagonal-down:0in none windowtext;
+ mso-tstyle-diagonal-up:0in none windowtext;
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+ {mso-style-name:"Table List 1";
+ mso-table-condition:sw-cell;
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+ mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
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+ {mso-style-name:"Table List 4";
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+ mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
+ font-size:10.0pt;
+ font-family:"Times New Roman";}
+table.MsoTableList4FirstRow
+ {mso-style-name:"Table List 4";
+ mso-table-condition:first-row;
+ mso-tstyle-shading:white;
+ mso-tstyle-pattern:solid gray;
+ mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.5pt solid black;
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+ mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
+ mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;
+ mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;
+ color:white;
+ mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
+ mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
+table.MsoTableGrid
+ {mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
+ mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
+ mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
+ border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
+ mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
+ mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;
+ mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext;
+ mso-para-margin:0in;
+ mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
+ mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
+ font-size:10.0pt;
+ font-family:"Times New Roman";}
+</style>
+<![endif]--><![if mso 9]>
+<style>
+p.MsoNormal
+ {margin-left:8.5pt;}
+</style>
+<![endif]><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
+ <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="65538"/>
+</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
+ <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
+ <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
+ </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
+</head>
+
+<body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:.5in;margin-left:
+8.5pt;margin-top:14.2pt'>
+
+<div class=Section1>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal align=right style='text-align:right'><span style='font-size:
+10.0pt'>Copyright © 2007 International Business Machines Corp.</span><span
+style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
+
+<div align=right>
+
+<table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%"
+ style='width:100.0%;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-padding-alt:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td valign=top style='background:#0080C0;padding:1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt 1.5pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;
+ color:white'> </span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+</div>
+
+<h1><img width=120 height=86 id="_x0000_i1025" src="../../../../images/Idea.jpg"
+align=CENTER></h1>
+
+<p> </p>
+
+<h1 align=center style='text-align:center'>Defining Generics with UML Templates</h1>
+
+<h1 align=center style='text-align:center'><o:p> </o:p></h1>
+
+<blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Summary</span></b><span
+style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br style='mso-special-character:
+line-break'>
+<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
+<![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
+
+<p>Generics in Java have been around for a while but support for mapping
+generically specified artifacts in UML to their Ecore representation is new to
+UML2 2.1.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This article will walk the
+reader through the details of the mapping process with the end goal of
+producing generically specified code. This article assumes some level of
+familiarity with generics and is not intended as a tutorial in Java
+generics.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
+
+<p>This article might also be useful to readers who are only interested in how
+generics can be specified with UML.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In
+such cases, the reader can simply ignore the Ecore mapping and focus on the UML
+and Java representations.</p>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
+
+<p><b>By James Bruck, IBM </b><br>
+<st1:date Year="2007" Day="12" Month="9">September 12, 2007</st1:date> </p>
+
+</blockquote>
+
+<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span
+style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>
+
+<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
+
+</span></div>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h2>Glossary</h2>
+
+<p>A few terms and abbreviations will be used throughout this document.</p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableList4 border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid black 1.5pt;
+ mso-yfti-tbllook:160;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
+ .75pt solid black'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:-1'>
+ <td width=168 valign=top style='width:125.75pt;border:solid black 1.5pt;
+ border-right:none;background:gray;mso-shading:white;mso-pattern:solid gray;
+ padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p style='mso-yfti-cnfc:1'><b><span style='color:white'>Term<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
+ </td>
+ <td width=684 valign=top style='width:513.0pt;border:solid black 1.5pt;
+ border-left:none;background:gray;mso-shading:white;mso-pattern:solid gray;
+ padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p style='mso-yfti-cnfc:1'><b><span style='color:white'>Definition<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=168 valign=top style='width:125.75pt;border-top:none;border-left:
+ solid black 1.5pt;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:none;
+ mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>UML specification<o:p></o:p></b></p>
+ </td>
+ <td width=684 valign=top style='width:513.0pt;border-top:none;border-left:
+ none;border-bottom:solid black 1.5pt;border-right:solid black 1.5pt;
+ mso-border-top-alt:solid black .75pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p>UML2 2.1. This refers to the latest version of the UML API which is based
+ on the UML 2.1.1 specification defined by OMG</p>
+ <p>The latest draft of the UML Superstructure Specification can be found at: <a
+ href="http://www.omg.org/docs/formal/07-02-05.pdf">http://www.omg.org/docs/formal/07-02-05.pdf</a></p>
+ <p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<h2>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>There are two main benefits in familiarizing yourself with UML templates: firstly,
+you can express and communicate your ideas more accurately, and secondly, code
+generated via conversion through Ecore will result in generically specified
+Java.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Through a series of examples, this
+article attempts to explain how templates in UML map to generics in Ecore and
+Java.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
+
+<p>Some concepts involving generics in UML do not map directly to Java (or
+Ecore).<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In general, UML is more verbose
+and requires a modeler to create more constructs to convey ideas that would
+otherwise be more simply described in Java (or Ecore).</p>
+
+<p>Consider template bindings for example: template bindings are constructs
+that do not explicitly exist in Java (or Ecore).<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The template binding concept in UML can be
+considered to be a merging of <span class=SpellE>templateable</span> items
+into the bound item where actual parameters are substituted for formal
+parameters.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>More about this in the
+section entitled <a href="#_Some_UML_Basics">Some UML Basics</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Concrete classifiers that result from applying template bindings to a <span
+class=SpellE>templated</span> classifier can also be considered an artificial
+construct required by UML.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Such
+additional classifiers are not needed when describing generics in Java (or
+Ecore).<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The examples listed later in
+this document will explain these ideas in detail.</p>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h2>Enhanced Ecore Profile</h2>
+
+<p>The mapping from UML to Ecore as implemented in the UML2 2.1 API is intended
+to be a lossless conversion.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Round
+tripping from UML to Ecore and back again should produce the original UML
+model.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>To achieve this lossless
+conversion, concepts present in Ecore, but not in UML have been added to an
+enhanced Ecore profile.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The information
+added to stereotyped items will be reapplied when converting back.</p>
+
+<p>What UML does not capture that Ecore does:</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo2;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]>Multiple
+bounds on <span class=SpellE>ETypeParameters</span>.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The <<<span class=SpellE>eTypeParameter</span>>>
+stereotype has been created for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo2;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]>Upper
+and lower bounds on <span class=SpellE>EGenericTypes</span>. (It should be
+pointed out that it is possible to specify a single bound on type parameters in
+UML via the <span class=SpellE>ClassifierTemplateParameter::constrainingClassifier</span>
+property but this is currently a scalar value).<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
+</span>The <<<span class=SpellE>eGenericType</span>>> stereotype
+has been created for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo2;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]>UML
+requires additional classifiers to specify bound generic types.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>These need to be marked in order to remove
+them when converting from UML to Ecore.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
+</span>The <<<span class=SpellE>eGenericType</span>>> stereotype is
+used as a marker so that conversion from UML to Ecore will result in dropping
+elements with such stereotypes.</p>
+
+<p>The subset of newly added stereotypes to the Ecore profile is shown in the
+following diagram:</p>
+
+<p><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600"
+ o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f"
+ stroked="f">
+ <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
+ <v:formulas>
+ <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
+ <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
+ <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
+ <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
+ <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/>
+ <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
+ <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
+ <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
+ <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
+ <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
+ <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
+ <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
+ </v:formulas>
+ <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
+ <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
+</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:573.75pt;
+ height:230.25pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image001.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=765 height=307
+src="article_files/image002.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1027"><![endif]></p>
+
+<p>While we are on the topic of differences between Ecore and UML we should
+mention that UML has some quirkiness in the area of templates.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In the current version of the UML
+specification, UML has multiple actual parameters per formal parameter.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>It is unclear how multiple parameters could
+be substituted for one formal parameter.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
+</span>The conversion process therefore considers only one actual per formal
+parameter.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>An <a
+href="http://www.omg.org/issues/uml2-rtf.open.html#Issue9398">issue</a> for
+this has been raised at OMG and should be resolved by the next revision of the
+UML specification.</p>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h2><a name="_Some_UML_Basics"></a>Some UML Basics</h2>
+
+<p>UML allows users to model generics via templates and template bindings.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Section 17.5 of the UML superstructure specification
+describes all the constructs required to describe templates.</p>
+
+<p>Quoting from the UML superstructure specification
</p>
+
+<p><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>A <span class=SpellE>TemplateableElement</span>
+that has a template signature is a specification of a template.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>A template is a parameterized element that can
+be used to generate other model elements using <span class=SpellE>TemplateBinding</span>
+relationships.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span class=SpellE>TemplateableElements</span>
+can have template signatures and template bindings.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Thus a <span class=SpellE>templateable</span>
+element may be both a template and a bound element.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The template parameters for the template
+signature specify the formal parameters that will be substituted by actual
+parameters in a binding.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
+
+<p><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>A template cannot be used in the same
+manner as a non-template element of the same kind.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The template element can only be used to
+generate bound elements or as part of the specification of another
+template.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>A bound element is an ordinary
+element and can be used in the same manner as a non-bound element of the same
+kind.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></i>This is an important point
+since it means that a template class cannot be used as the type of a typed
+element.</p>
+
+<p><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>ParameterableElement</i></span><i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'> is an element that can be exposed as a
+formal template parameter for a template or specified as an actual parameter in
+a binding of a template.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>A <span
+class=SpellE>ParameterableElement</span> may be part of the definition of a
+template parameter.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In an element bound
+to the template, any use of the template parameter will be substituted by the
+use of the actual parameter.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>If a <span
+class=SpellE>ParameterableElement</span> is exposed as a template parameter,
+then <span class=SpellE>parameterable</span> element is only meaningful within
+the template.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
+
+<p><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>A <span class=SpellE>TemplateBinding</span>
+represents a relationship between a <span class=SpellE>templateable</span>
+element and a template.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>A template
+binding specifies the substitutions of actual parameters for the formal
+parameters of the template.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The presence
+of a template binding relationship implies the same semantics as if the
+contents of the template owning the target template signature were copied into
+the bound element, substituting and elements exposed as formal template
+parameters by the corresponding elements specified as actual parameters in the
+binding.<o:p></o:p></i></p>
+
+<p>The kinds of UML metatypes that can be <span class=SpellE>templateable</span>
+are Classifier (Class, Component etc.), Operation, Package and less commonly,
+Property, and <span class=SpellE>StringExpression</span>.</p>
+
+<p>Neither Ecore nor Java has this template binding concept so having a firm
+grasp of the UML metamodel is important if you are only familiar with generics
+in Java.</p>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h2>The Ecore Meta-Model</h2>
+
+<p>The following diagram showing a subset of the Ecore metamodel (highlighting
+generics) will be used as a reference when describing the UML to Ecore
+mapping.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
+
+<h2 style='margin-left:8.5pt;page-break-after:avoid'><span style='font-size:
+10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Tms Rmn"'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
+ id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:420.75pt;height:411pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image003.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=561 height=548
+src="article_files/image004.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1028"><![endif]></span></h2>
+
+<p class=MsoCaption>Figure <!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
+field-begin'></span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>SEQ Figure \* ARABIC
+<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span><![endif]--><span
+style='mso-no-proof:yes'>1</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='mso-element:
+field-end'></span><![endif]-->: Ecore meta-model</p>
+
+<p>With this metamodel in mind, we can mention several interesting points:</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
+class=SpellE>ETypeParameter</span> correspond roughly to <span class=SpellE>TemplateParameter</span>
+in UML.</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
+class=SpellE>EGenericType</span> has no direct mapping to UML</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
+class=SpellE>EGenericType</span> can be specified by setting its <span
+class=SpellE>eClassifier</span> or <span class=SpellE>eTypeParameter</span>
+property.</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
+class=SpellE>EOperation</span> and <span class=SpellE>EClassifier</span> can be
+parameterized with <span class=SpellE>ETypeParameter</span>.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Similarly, Operation and Classifier in UML
+can have a template signature with parameters.</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
+class=SpellE>EClass</span> can have <span class=SpellE>eGenericSuperTypes</span>.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>That is, <span class=SpellE>supertypes</span>
+of some <span class=SpellE>EClass</span> can be represented by some <span
+class=SpellE>EGenericType</span>.</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
+class=SpellE>ETypedElement</span> can have some <span class=SpellE>EGenericType</span>
+as a type.</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo4;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]><span
+class=SpellE>ETypeParameter</span> can have bounds which are of type <span
+class=SpellE>EGenericType</span>.</p>
+
+<p>If you wish to follow along with the examples and experiment on your own,
+you should first enable the showing of generics for your Ecore model.</p>
+
+<p>Showing of generics is enabled from the Sample Ecore Editor menu when the
+Ecore editor is being used:<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>From the
+toolbar, select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Sample Ecore Editor
+> Show Generics</b>.</p>
+
+<p><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
+ id="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:110.25pt;height:114pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image005.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=147 height=152
+src="article_files/image006.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1029"><![endif]></p>
+
+<p>Further details on working with generics in EMF can be found at <a
+href="http://wiki.eclipse.org/EMF_2.3_Generics">http://wiki.eclipse.org/EMF_2.3_Generics</a>.</p>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h2>Case Studies</h2>
+
+<p><img border=0 width=63 height=14 id="_x0000_i1030"
+src="../../../../images/tip.gif"><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>If you
+are familiar with generics in Java and you just want to discover how to create
+the equivalent UML representation, I would recommend starting with the Ecore
+representation of your generically specified model.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Then, convert your Ecore model to UML.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The resulting UML model will have expanded
+all bindings, and any required stereotypes will be applied.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The reason for starting with Ecore is that it
+is much easier to specify generics using Ecore and requires fewer constructs.</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo6;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
+Arial'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
+</span></span></span><![endif]>In your development environment, ensure you have
+the UML examples plug-ins installed.</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo6;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
+Arial'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
+</span></span></span><![endif]>Create an Ecore model using generics in
+Ecore.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The resulting Ecore model should
+closely match the Java representation.</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo6;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
+Arial'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
+</span></span></span><![endif]>From the sample Ecore editor, select the root
+package of your Ecore model.</p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo6;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:
+Arial'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
+</span></span></span><![endif]>From the toolbar select <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
+normal'>Sample Ecore Editor > Convert to UML Model
</b></p>
+
+<p><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
+
+<div style='border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>
+
+<h3 style='border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:
+0in;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>Baby steps: Simple type parameter</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Consider a simple case where we define a generic class with one property of
+some generic type.</p>
+
+<h4>Visually</h4>
+
+<p><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:132.75pt;
+ height:60pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image007.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=177 height=80
+src="article_files/image008.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031"><![endif]></p>
+
+<h4>Java</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p><code><span style='color:gray'>1</span> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public interface </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>MyClass</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'><E> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>EObject</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> {</span></code><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><span
+ style='color:black'>E <span class=SpellE>getMyProperty</span>();</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>3</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>void </span></b><span class=SpellE><span
+ style='color:black'>setMyProperty</span></span><span style='color:black'>(E value);</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>4</span> <span style='color:black'>}</span></code></span></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=598 valign=top style='width:448.8pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><code><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:gray'>1</span></code><code><span
+ style='font-size:10.0pt'> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public class </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>MyClassImpl</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'><E> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>EObjectImpl</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>implements </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>MyClass</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'><E> {</span></span></code><span
+ style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>protected </span></b><span style='color:black'>E <span
+ class=SpellE>myProperty</span>;</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>3</span> <span style='color:black'>}</span></code></span>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<!-- end source code -->
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4>Ecore</h4>
+
+<p>The Ecore representation would look like the following:</p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
+ mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
+ .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=216 valign=top style='width:162.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
+ mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75"
+ style='width:138pt;height:80.25pt;mso-position-horizontal:left;
+ mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:top;
+ mso-position-vertical-relative:line' o:allowoverlap="f">
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image009.png" o:title=""/>
+ </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=184 height=107
+ src="article_files/image010.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032"><![endif]></p>
+ </td>
+ <td width=612 style='width:459.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:
+ none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
+ padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <ol style='margin-top:0in' start=1 type=1>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l11 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list .5in'>We
+ create a simple <span class=SpellE>EClass</span> with an <span
+ class=SpellE>ETypeParameter</span> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>E</i>.</li>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l11 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list .5in'>We
+ create an <span class=SpellE>EReference</span> whose type is an <span
+ class=SpellE>EGenericType</span> with <span class=SpellE>eTypeParameter</span>
+ set to <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>E</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'><o:p> </o:p></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4>UML</h4>
+
+<p>As you can see, the UML representation is more verbose than the Ecore
+representation. </p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo11;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]>The
+UML representation creates a template by constructing a template signature
+owned by <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>MyClass</i></span>.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo11;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]>The
+signature in this case has one template parameter <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+normal'>E</i>.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
+
+<p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l15 level1 lfo11;
+tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:"Courier New";
+mso-fareast-font-family:"Courier New"'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>o<span
+style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'> </span></span></span><![endif]>The
+template parameter directly owns another class <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+normal'>E</i> and uses that class as its <span class=SpellE>parametered</span>
+element.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
+
+<p><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:294.75pt;
+ height:90.75pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image011.gif" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=393 height=121
+src="article_files/image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033"><![endif]><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
+
+<p>The class <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>E</i> is the <span
+class=SpellE>parametered</span> element that will be the focus of bindings when
+we replace formal parameters with actual parameters.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>We can say that the template parameter
+exposes the <span class=SpellE>parametered</span> element (<i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>E</i> in this case) as a formal
+parameter.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
+
+<p>You may have also noticed the <<<span class=SpellE><i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>eTypeParameter</i></span>>>
+stereotype.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The <<<span
+class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>eTypeParameter</i></span>>>
+stereotype contributes the concept of bounds to UML template parameters.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In Ecore, generic bound types allow one to
+place constraints on the types of allowable substitutions.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>For example, one could express that
+substitutions for the template parameter must extend some particular classifier
+such as <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>MyClass</i></span><i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><? <span class=GramE>extends</span> <span
+class=SpellE>MyOtherClass</span>>.</i><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
+</span>This will be explored more in the following examples.</p>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<div style='border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>
+
+<h3 style='border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:
+0in;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>Baby steps: Creating a generic type</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In a little more realistic example, we might have something like the
+following.</p>
+
+<h4>Visually</h4>
+
+<p><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1034"
+ type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:279pt;height:88.5pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image012.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=372 height=118
+src="article_files/image013.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034"><![endif]></span><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
+ id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:255.75pt;height:93pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image014.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=341 height=124
+src="article_files/image015.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035"><![endif]></span></p>
+
+<h4><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'>Java<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=FR style='mso-ansi-language:FR'><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><code><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:gray'>1</span></code><code><span
+ style='font-size:10.0pt'> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public interface </span></b><span
+ style='color:black'>List<E> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>EObject</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> {</span></span></code><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
+ font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>void </span></b><span style='color:black'>add(E x);</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>3</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>Iterator</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'><E> <span class=SpellE>iterator</span>();</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>4</span> <span style='color:black'>} </span></code></span>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><code><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:gray'>1</span></code><code><span
+ style='font-size:10.0pt'> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public interface </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>Iterator</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'><E> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>EObject</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> {</span></span></code><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
+ font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><span
+ style='color:black'>E next();</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>3</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><span
+ class=SpellE><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>boolean</span></b></span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'> </span></b><span class=SpellE><span
+ style='color:black'>hasNext</span></span><span style='color:black'>();</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>4</span> <span style='color:black'>} </span></code></span>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h4>Ecore</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
+ mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
+ .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=216 valign=top style='width:162.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
+ mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75"
+ style='width:139.5pt;height:182.25pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image016.png" o:title=""/>
+ </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=186 height=243
+ src="article_files/image017.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036"><![endif]></p>
+ </td>
+ <td width=612 style='width:459.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:
+ none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
+ padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <ol style='margin-top:0in' start=1 type=1>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l14 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'>We
+ create an <span class=SpellE>ETypeParameter</span> for the <span
+ class=SpellE>EClass</span> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List</i></li>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l14 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'>We
+ create an <span class=SpellE>EOperation</span> <span class=GramE><i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>add(</i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+ normal'>)</i> with a parameter <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>x</i>
+ of <span class=SpellE>EGenericType</span> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+ normal'>E</i>.</li>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l14 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'>We
+ create another <span class=SpellE>EOperation</span> <span class=SpellE><span
+ class=GramE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>iterator</i></span></span><span
+ class=GramE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>(</i></span><i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>) </i>of return type <span
+ class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Iterator</i></span><i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><E>.<span
+ style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></i>Here the return type is an <span
+ class=SpellE>EGenericType</span> whose <span class=SpellE>eClassifier</span>
+ is set to <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Iterator</i></span><i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><E>.</i><span
+ style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The <span class=SpellE>EGenericType</span>
+ has an <span class=SpellE>eTypeAgrument</span> (<span class=SpellE>EGenericType</span>)
+ whose <span class=SpellE>eTypeParameter</span> is set to <i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>E</i>.</li>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l14 level1 lfo14;tab-stops:list .5in'>The
+ <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Iterator</i></span>
+ is similarly specified.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h4>UML</h4>
+
+<p>The main elements in the UML representation are: a class called <i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List</i>, a class called <span class=SpellE><i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Iterator</i></span> and a newly introduced
+class called <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Iterator_E</i></span>,
+see below.</p>
+
+<h4><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:297pt;
+ height:267.75pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image018.gif" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=396 height=357
+src="article_files/image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037"><![endif]></h4>
+
+<p>You might be scratching your head about <span class=SpellE><i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Iterator_E</i></span>.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This construct is required because the
+class <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List</i> has an operation that
+returns an <span class=SpellE>iterator</span> that is bound to the same element
+passed as an argument to List itself.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
+</span>UML does not allow us to use templates as the type of an <span
+class=GramE>element,</span> therefore we need to create a new bound class: <span
+class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Iterator_E</i></span>.</p>
+
+<p>The template parameter substitution for <span class=SpellE><i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Iterator_<span class=GramE>E</span></i></span><span
+class=GramE><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>above</span> has the
+following binding:</p>
+
+<p><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1038"
+ type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:288.75pt;height:24.75pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image019.gif" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=385 height=33
+src="article_files/image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038"><![endif]>.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></p>
+
+<p>The formal template parameter for <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+normal'>Iterator</i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><E></i> is
+bound to the actual parameter <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>E</i> of <i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List</i>.</p>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<div style='border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>
+
+<h3 style='border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:
+0in;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>Basics: Binding to a generic class</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Lets put together some of the basic ideas we have already explored.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In this example, <span class=SpellE><i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>ArrayList</i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+normal'><E></i> is a generic array list whose super type is the generic <i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List<E>.</i><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In UML we require the creation of the
+concrete type <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List_E</i></span>
+with its bindings set up.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In addition, <span
+class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>TestClass</i></span> has a
+property which is an <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>ArrayList</i></span>
+of Cars.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Again, we create a new class <span
+class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>ArrayList</i>_<i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Car</i></span> with bindings set up to the
+class <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Car</i>.</p>
+
+<h4>Visually</h4>
+
+<h4><span style='font-weight:normal'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1039"
+ type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:740.25pt;height:221.25pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image020.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=987 height=295
+src="article_files/image021.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039"><![endif]></span></h4>
+
+<h4>Java</h4>
+
+<p>The <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>TestClass</i></span>
+class:</p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><code><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:gray'>1</span></code><code><span
+ style='font-size:10.0pt'> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public interface </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>TestClass</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>EObject</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> {</span></span></code><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
+ font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>ArrayList</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'><Car> <span class=SpellE>getMyCars</span>();</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>3</span> <span style='color:black'>} </span></code></span></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p><code><span style='color:gray'>1</span> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public class </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>TestClassImpl</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>EObjectImpl</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>implements </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>TestClass</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> {</span></code><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>protected </span></b><span class=SpellE><span
+ style='color:black'>ArrayList</span></span><span style='color:black'><Car> <span
+ class=SpellE>myCars</span>;</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>3</span> <span style='color:black'>}</span></code></span>
+ </p>
+ </td>
+<!-- end source code -->
+ </tr>
+<!-- start Java2Html link -->
+</table>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<p>The <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>ArrayList</i></span>
+class:</p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p><code><span style='color:gray'>1</span> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public interface </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>ArrayList</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'><E> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ style='color:black'>List<E> {</span></code><span style='font-family:
+ "Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:black'>} </span></code></span></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p><code><span style='color:gray'>1</span> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public class </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>ArrayListImpl</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'><E> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>ListImpl</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'><E> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>implements </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>ArrayList</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'><E> {</span></code><span style='font-family:
+ "Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>protected </span></b><span class=SpellE><span
+ style='color:black'>ArrayListImpl</span></span><span style='color:black'>() {</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>3</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>super</span></b><span style='color:black'>();</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>4</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><span
+ style='color:black'>}</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>5</span> <span style='color:black'>} </span></code></span></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h4>Ecore</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75"
+ style='width:137.25pt;height:101.25pt' o:bordertopcolor="this"
+ o:borderleftcolor="this" o:borderbottomcolor="this" o:borderrightcolor="this">
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image022.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=183 height=135
+src="article_files/image023.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040"><![endif]><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1041"
+ type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:127.5pt;height:76.5pt' o:bordertopcolor="this"
+ o:borderleftcolor="this" o:borderbottomcolor="this" o:borderrightcolor="this">
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image024.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=170 height=102
+src="article_files/image025.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1041"><![endif]><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1042"
+ type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:124.5pt;height:51pt' o:bordertopcolor="this"
+ o:borderleftcolor="this" o:borderbottomcolor="this" o:borderrightcolor="this">
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image026.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=166 height=68
+src="article_files/image027.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1042"><![endif]><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1043"
+ type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:146.25pt;height:53.25pt' o:bordertopcolor="this"
+ o:borderleftcolor="this" o:borderbottomcolor="this" o:borderrightcolor="this">
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image028.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=195 height=71
+src="article_files/image029.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1043"><![endif]><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1044"
+ type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:69pt;height:14.25pt' o:bordertopcolor="this"
+ o:borderleftcolor="this" o:borderbottomcolor="this" o:borderrightcolor="this">
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image030.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=92 height=19
+src="article_files/image031.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1044"><![endif]></p>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h4>UML</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75"
+ style='width:279.75pt;height:78pt' o:bordertopcolor="this" o:borderleftcolor="this"
+ o:borderbottomcolor="this" o:borderrightcolor="this">
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image032.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=373 height=104
+src="article_files/image033.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1045"><![endif]><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1046"
+ type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:280.5pt;height:65.25pt' o:bordertopcolor="this"
+ o:borderleftcolor="this" o:borderbottomcolor="this" o:borderrightcolor="this">
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image034.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=374 height=87
+src="article_files/image035.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1046"><![endif]></p>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1047" type="#_x0000_t75"
+ style='width:281.25pt;height:102pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image036.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=375 height=136
+src="article_files/image037.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1047"><![endif]><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
+ id="_x0000_i1048" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:273pt;height:65.25pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image038.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=364 height=87
+src="article_files/image039.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1048"><![endif]><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1049"
+ type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:118.5pt;height:15pt' o:bordertopcolor="this"
+ o:borderleftcolor="this" o:borderbottomcolor="this" o:borderrightcolor="this">
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image040.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=158 height=20
+src="article_files/image041.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1049"><![endif]></p>
+
+<p><span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>ArrayList</i></span>
+is the specialization of the concrete <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+normal'>List_E</i></span> class where the formal template parameter <i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>E</i> of <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List</i>
+is substituted for the actual <span class=SpellE>parameterable</span> element <i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>E</i> of <span class=SpellE><i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>ArrayList</i></span>.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>These are the substitutions for the binding
+of <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List_E</i></span>: </p>
+
+<p><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1050" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:292.5pt;
+ height:28.5pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image042.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=390 height=38
+src="article_files/image043.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1050"><![endif]></p>
+
+<p>The class <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>ArrayList_Car</i></span>
+substitutes the actual parameter Car for the exposed template parameter of <i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>E</i> of <span class=SpellE><i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>ArrayList</i></span>.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>These are the substitutions for the <span
+class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>ArrayList_Car</i></span>:</p>
+
+<p><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1051" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:289.5pt;
+ height:33pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image044.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=386 height=44
+src="article_files/image045.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1051"><![endif]></p>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<div style='border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>
+
+<h3 style='border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:
+0in;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>Basics: Operation with template
+parameter </h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In UML, operations are <span class=SpellE>templateable</span> elements.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In this next example we will have a look at
+adding template parameters to an operation.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
+</span>The operation will have a template parameter <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+normal'>T</i>, and will return elements of type <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+normal'>T</i>.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>The operation will also
+have a parameter <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>p1</i> of type <i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>T</i>.</p>
+
+<h4>Visually</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1052" type="#_x0000_t75"
+ style='width:226.5pt;height:78pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image046.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=302 height=104
+src="article_files/image047.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1052"><![endif]></p>
+
+<h4>Java</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p><code><span style='color:gray'>1</span> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public interface </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>MyClass</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>EObject</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> {</span></code><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><span
+ style='color:black'><T> T <span class=SpellE>someOperation</span>(T p1);</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>3</span> <span style='color:black'>}</span></code></span></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><code><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:gray'>1</span></code><code><span
+ style='font-size:10.0pt'> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public class </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>MyClassImpl</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>EObjectImpl</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>implements </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>MyClass</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> {</span></span></code><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
+ font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>public </span></b><span style='color:black'><T> T <span
+ class=SpellE>someOperation</span>(T p1) {</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>3</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><span
+ style='color:#3F7F5F'>//...</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>4</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><span
+ style='color:black'>}</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>5</span> <span style='color:black'>}</span></code></span><tt><span
+ style='font-size:10.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></tt></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h4>Ecore</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
+ mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
+ .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=240 valign=top style='width:180.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
+ mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1053" type="#_x0000_t75"
+ style='width:153pt;height:79.5pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image048.png" o:title=""/>
+ </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=204 height=106
+ src="article_files/image049.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1053"><![endif]></p>
+ </td>
+ <td width=767 style='width:575.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:
+ none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
+ padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <ol style='margin-top:0in' start=1 type=1>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l13 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
+ class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>MyClass</i></span>
+ has an <span class=SpellE>EOperation</span> called <span class=SpellE><i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>someOperation</i></span>.</li>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l13 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'>The
+ <span class=SpellE>EOperation</span> <span class=SpellE>someOperation</span>
+ has an <span class=SpellE>ETypeParameter</span> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+ normal'>T</i>.</li>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l13 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'>The
+ <span class=SpellE>EOperation</span> has a parameter <i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>p1</i> whose type is an <span
+ class=SpellE>EGenericType</span> whose <span class=SpellE>eTypeParameter</span>
+ is <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>T</i>.</li>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l13 level1 lfo17;tab-stops:list .5in'>The
+ <span class=SpellE>EOperation</span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
+ </span>has an <span class=SpellE>EGenericType</span> as its type, whose <span
+ class=SpellE>eTypeParameter</span> is <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+ normal'>T</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h4>UML</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
+ id="_x0000_i1054" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:311.25pt;height:90.75pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image050.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=415 height=121
+src="article_files/image051.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1054"><![endif]></span></p>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<div style='border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>
+
+<h3 style='border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:
+0in;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>Basics: Bound operation parameters </h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>In this example we show an operation with two parameters that are lists of
+cars.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>As you might have guessed, the UML
+version will require an extra bound class.</p>
+
+<h4>Visually</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1055" type="#_x0000_t75"
+ style='width:450.75pt;height:255pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image052.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=601 height=340
+src="article_files/image053.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1055"><![endif]></p>
+
+<h4>Java</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p><code><span style='color:gray'>1</span> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public interface </span></b><span
+ style='color:black'>MyClass2 </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>EObject</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> {</span></code><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>void </span></b><span style='color:black'>op1(List<Car> p1, List<Car> p2);</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>3</span> <span style='color:black'>}</span></code></span></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><code><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:gray'>1</span></code><code><span
+ style='font-size:10.0pt'> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public class </span></b><span
+ style='color:black'>MyClass2Impl </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>EObjectImpl</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>implements </span></b><span
+ style='color:black'>MyClass2 {</span></span></code><span
+ style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>public void </span></b><span
+ style='color:black'>op1(List<Car> p1, List<Car> p2) {</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>3</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><span
+ style='color:#3F7F5F'>//... </span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>4</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><span
+ style='color:black'>}</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>5</span> <span style='color:black'>}</span></code></span></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4>Ecore</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
+ mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
+ .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=228 valign=top style='width:171.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
+ mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1056" type="#_x0000_t75"
+ style='width:154.5pt;height:102.75pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image054.png" o:title=""/>
+ </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=206 height=137
+ src="article_files/image055.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1056"><![endif]></p>
+ </td>
+ <td width=779 style='width:584.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:
+ none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
+ padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <ol style='margin-top:0in' start=1 type=1>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list .5in'>We create
+ an operation with parameter <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>p1</i>.</li>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list .5in'>Parameter<i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'> p1</i> has as its type an <span
+ class=SpellE>EGenericType</span> whose <span class=SpellE>eClassifier</span>
+ is <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List<E>.</i></li>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo20;tab-stops:list .5in'>The
+ <span class=SpellE>EGenericType</span> of <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+ normal'>p1</i> has a type argument (<span class=SpellE>EGenericType</span>)
+ whose <span class=SpellE>eClassifier</span> is set to <i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Car</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h4>UML</h4>
+
+<h4><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1057" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:5in;
+ height:102.75pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image056.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=480 height=137
+src="article_files/image057.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1057"><![endif]></h4>
+
+<p>The only important thing to point out here is that the bound <span
+class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List_Car</i></span> is not
+duplicated in the UML representation. The bound <span class=SpellE><i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List_Car</i></span> is used in the context
+of MyClass2.</p>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<div style='border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>
+
+<h3 style='border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:
+0in;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>Advanced: Wildcards (specifying upper
+and lower bounds on parameters)</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>It is possible to specify wildcards when using parameters in Ecore and
+Java.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Wildcards are represented <span
+class=GramE>by <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>?</b>.</span><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span class=GramE>The <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
+normal'>?</b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b><span
+class=GramE>stands</span> for an unknown type.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
+</span>It is possible to specify upper and lower bounds on such wildcards.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>When we talk about bounds, we refer to the
+ability to specify that bindings to a generic type parameter must either be the
+super type of some classifier or extend some classifier.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In this way, tighter restrictions can be
+placed on acceptable bindings.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>In
+addition to tightening restrictions, upper bounds (extends) are particularly
+useful for ensuring that substitutions will have features that are required by
+the template for its behavior.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>For
+example, one might have <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List<E extends
+Comparable></i> because the list actually needs to be able to compare Es
+using the <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Comparable::<span
+class=GramE>compareTo</span></i></span><span class=GramE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+normal'>(</i></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>
)</i> operation.</p>
+
+<h4>Visually</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1058" type="#_x0000_t75"
+ style='width:471pt;height:405.75pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image058.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=628 height=541
+src="article_files/image059.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1058"><![endif]></p>
+
+<h4>Java</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p><code><span style='color:gray'>1</span> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public class </span></b><span
+ style='color:black'>MyClass3Impl </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ class=SpellE><span style='color:black'>EObjectImpl</span></span><span
+ style='color:black'> </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>implements </span></b><span
+ style='color:black'>MyClass3 {</span></code><span style='font-family:
+ "Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>protected </span></b><span style='color:black'>List<? </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span style='color:black'>Car> <span
+ class=SpellE>someReference</span>;</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>3</span> <span style='color:white'> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>protected </span></b><span style='color:black'>List<? </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>super </span></b><span style='color:black'>Car> <span
+ class=SpellE>anotherReference</span>;</span></code><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>4</span> <span style='color:black'>}</span></code></span></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4>Ecore</h4>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
+ mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
+ .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=276 valign=top style='width:207.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
+ mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1059" type="#_x0000_t75"
+ style='width:194.25pt;height:114.75pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image060.png" o:title=""/>
+ </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=259 height=153
+ src="article_files/image061.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1059"><![endif]></p>
+ </td>
+ <td width=576 style='width:6.0in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:
+ none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
+ padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <ol style='margin-top:0in' start=1 type=1>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'>We
+ create an <span class=SpellE>EReference</span> for <span class=SpellE><i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>someReference</i></span><i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>.</i></li>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'>We
+ create an <span class=SpellE>EGenericType</span> for the type of <span
+ class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>someReference</i></span>
+ whose <span class=SpellE>eClassifier</span> is set to <i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List<E></i></li>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo23;tab-stops:list .5in'>The
+ generic type of <span class=SpellE><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>someReference</i></span>
+ has an <span class=SpellE>eTypeArgument</span> (an <span class=SpellE>EGenericType</span>)
+ whose upper bound is set to <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Car</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h4>UML</h4>
+
+<h4><span style='font-weight:normal'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1060"
+ type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:351pt;height:141pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image062.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=468 height=188
+src="article_files/image063.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1060"><![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<p>If we focus on the <span class=SpellE>someReference</span> property, we
+see that we need to create a new class called <span class=SpellE>Wildcard_extends_Car</span>.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>This particular class has its stereotype
+property for the upper bound set to <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Car</i>:
+</p>
+
+<p><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1061" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:204.75pt;
+ height:36pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image064.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=273 height=48
+src="article_files/image065.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1061"><![endif]></p>
+
+<p><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Next, we see that another new class is
+created in order to bind the formal parameter of the generic <i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>List</i> to classes of <span class=SpellE><i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Wildcard_extends_Car</i></span><i
+style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>:<o:p></o:p></i></p>
+
+<p><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1062" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:310.5pt;
+ height:39pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image066.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=414 height=52
+src="article_files/image067.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1062"><![endif]></p>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<div style='border:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>
+
+<h3 style='border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext 1.5pt;padding:
+0in;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 1.0pt 0in'>Advanced: Type parameters that extend
+multiple classifiers</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Type parameters in Ecore can also have bounds and in such cases it is
+possible to specify multiple upper bounds. </p>
+
+<h4>Visually</h4>
+
+<p><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1063" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:185.25pt;
+ height:1in'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image068.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=247 height=96
+src="article_files/image069.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1063"><![endif]></p>
+
+<p>The interesting part is the bounds information stored in the stereotype (see
+below).</p>
+
+<h4>Java</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p><code><span style='color:gray'>1</span> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public interface </span></b><span
+ style='color:black'>MyClass4<P1 </span><b><span style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span
+ style='color:black'>A & B> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span class=SpellE><span
+ style='color:black'>EObject</span></span><span style='color:black'> {</span></code><span
+ style='font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:black'>}</span></code></span></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='background:#F3F3F3;border-collapse:collapse;mso-yfti-tbllook:480;
+ mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=590 valign=top style='width:6.15in;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><code><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:gray'>1</span></code><code><span
+ style='font-size:10.0pt'> <b><span style='color:#7F0055'>public class </span></b><span
+ style='color:black'>MyClass4Impl<P1 </span><b><span style='color:
+ #7F0055'>extends </span></b><span style='color:black'>A & B> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>extends </span></b><span class=SpellE><span
+ style='color:black'>EObjectImpl</span></span><span style='color:black'> </span><b><span
+ style='color:#7F0055'>implements </span></b><span style='color:black'>MyClass4<P1> {</span></span></code><span
+ style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"'><br>
+ <code><span style='color:gray'>2</span> <span style='color:black'>} </span></code></span></p>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<h4>Ecore</h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
+ style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
+ mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
+ .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'>
+ <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
+ <td width=240 valign=top style='width:180.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
+ mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <p class=MsoNormal><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1064" type="#_x0000_t75"
+ style='width:145.5pt;height:51pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image070.png" o:title=""/>
+ </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=194 height=68
+ src="article_files/image071.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1064"><![endif]></p>
+ </td>
+ <td width=767 valign=top style='width:575.1pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
+ border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
+ solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'>
+ <ol style='margin-top:0in' start=1 type=1>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l9 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'><i
+ style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>MyClass4</i> has an <span
+ class=SpellE>ETypeParameter</span> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>P1</i>.</li>
+ <li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l9 level1 lfo26;tab-stops:list .5in'>The
+ <span class=SpellE>ETypeParameter</span> of <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
+ normal'>P1</i> has its <span class=SpellE>eBounds</span> set to an <span
+ class=SpellE>EGenericType</span> whose <span class=SpellE>eClassifer</span>
+ is <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>A</i> and another <span
+ class=SpellE>EGenericType</span> whose <span class=SpellE>eClassifier</span>
+ is set to <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>B</i>.</li>
+ </ol>
+ </td>
+ </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h4>UML</h4>
+
+<h4><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1065" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:278.25pt;
+ height:52.5pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image072.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=371 height=70
+src="article_files/image073.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1065"><![endif]><span
+style='font-weight:normal'><o:p></o:p></span></h4>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<p>For the template parameter <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>P1</i> we
+have to specify the bounds using the stereotype since multiple bounds on such
+parameters are not possible using UML:</p>
+
+<p><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1066" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:312pt;
+ height:36pt'>
+ <v:imagedata src="article_files/image074.png" o:title=""/>
+</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=416 height=48
+src="article_files/image075.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1066"><![endif]>.</p>
+
+<p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h2 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Conclusion</h2>
+
+<p>Congratulations! Youve made it this far, if youve followed through the
+examples, you will no doubt have discovered that the UML representation is
+verbose and intricate in comparison to Ecore or Java.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Hopefully, with a bit of practice, the UML
+representation will become second nature.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
+</span>This article really only scratches the surface of the intricate possible
+scenarios one may create when working with generics.<span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>By using templates in UML you can express
+and communicate your ideas more accurately, and code generated via conversion
+through Ecore will result in generically specified Java.</p>
+
+<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>For
+more information on UML2, visit the <a
+href="http://www.eclipse.org/modeling/mdt/?project=uml2">home page</a> or join
+the <a href="news://news.eclipse.org/eclipse.modeling.mdt.uml2">newsgroup</a>.</p>
+
+<p><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h2 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Acknowledgements</h2>
+
+<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>Thanks
+to Kenn Hussey, Ed <span class=SpellE>Merks</span> and Christian <span
+class=SpellE>Damus</span> for their thorough and careful reviews.</p>
+
+<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<h2 style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'>References</h2>
+
+<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span class=GramE>[1] Unified Modeling
+Language: Superstructure, version 2.1.1; formal/2007-02-05.</span> <span
+class=GramE>OMG.</span></p>
+
+<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
+style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>[2] RTF Issue <a
+href="http://www.omg.org/issues/uml2-rtf.open.html#Issue9398">9398</a></p>
+
+<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><o:p> </o:p></p>
+
+<p style='tab-stops:45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt'><span
+style='font-size:7.5pt'>Java and all Java-based trademarks and logos are
+trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the </span><st1:country-region><st1:place><span
+ style='font-size:7.5pt'>United States</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span
+style='font-size:7.5pt'>, other countries, or both.</span></p>
+
+</div>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+<head>
+<title>Defining Generics with UML Templates</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
+ content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<link href="../article.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet">
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<h1>Defining Generics with UML Templates</h1>
+<div class="summary">
+<h2>Summary</h2>
+<p> Generics in Java have been around for a while but support for mapping generically specified artifacts in UML to their Ecore representation is new to UML2 2.1. This article will walk the reader through the details of the mapping process with the end goal of producing generically specified code. This article assumes some level of familiarity with generics and is not intended as a tutorial in Java generics.
+</p><p>
+ This article might also be useful to readers who are only interested in how generics can be specified with UML. In such cases, the reader can simply ignore the Ecore mapping and focus on the UML and Java representations.
+</p>
+<div class="author">By James Bruck, IBM]</div>
+<div class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 International Business Machines Corp.</div>
+<div class="date">November 19, 2007</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="content">
+
+<h1>Glossary</h1>
+
+A few terms and abbreviations will be used throughout this document.
+
+<h2>UML specification</h2>
+
+
+<p>UML2 2.1. This refers to the latest version of the UML API which is based on the UML 2.1.1 specification defined by OMG.
+
+The latest draft of the UML Superstructure Specification can be found at: <a href="http://www.omg.org/docs/formal/07-02-05.pdf">http://www.omg.org/docs/formal/07-02-05.pdf</a></p>
+
+
+<h1>Introduction</h1>
+<p>
+There are two main benefits in familiarizing yourself with UML templates: firstly, you can express and communicate your ideas more accurately, and secondly, code generated via conversion through Ecore will result in generically specified Java. Through a series of examples, this article attempts to explain how templates in UML map to generics in Ecore and Java.
+</p><p>
+Some concepts involving generics in UML do not map directly to Java (or Ecore). In general, UML is more verbose and requires a modeler to create more constructs to convey ideas that would otherwise be more simply described in Java (or Ecore).
+</p><p>
+Consider template bindings for example: template bindings are constructs that do not explicitly exist in Java (or Ecore). The template binding concept in UML can be considered to be a merging of templateable items into the bound item where actual parameters are substituted for formal parameters. More about this in the section entitled Some UML Basics.
+</p><p>
+Concrete classifiers that result from applying template bindings to a templated classifier can also be considered an artificial construct required by UML. Such additional classifiers are not needed when describing generics in Java (or Ecore). The examples listed later in this document will explain these ideas in detail.
+</p>
+
+<h1>Enhanced Ecore Profile</h1>
+<p>
+The mapping from UML to Ecore as implemented in the UML2 2.1 API is intended to be a lossless conversion. Round tripping from UML to Ecore and back again should produce the original UML model. To achieve this lossless conversion, concepts present in Ecore, but not in UML have been added to an enhanced Ecore profile. The information added to stereotyped items will be reapplied when converting back.
+</p><p>
+What UML does not capture that Ecore does:
+</p><ul>
+<li>Multiple bounds on ETypeParameters. The <<eTypeParameter>> stereotype has been created for this purpose.</li>
+
+<li>Upper and lower bounds on EGenericTypes. (It should be pointed out that it is possible to specify a single bound on type parameters in UML via the ClassifierTemplateParameter::constrainingClassifier property but this is currently a scalar value). The <<eGenericType>> stereotype has been created for this purpose.</li>
+
+<li>UML requires additional classifiers to specify bound generic types. These need to be marked in order to remove them when converting from UML to Ecore. The <<eGenericType>> stereotype is used as a marker so that conversion from UML to Ecore will result in dropping elements with such stereotypes.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The subset of newly added stereotypes to the Ecore profile is shown in the following diagram:</p>
+
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image001.png"/></div>
+
+<p>While we are on the topic of differences between Ecore and UML we should mention that UML has some quirkiness in the area of templates. In the current version of the UML specification, UML has multiple actual parameters per formal parameter. It is unclear how multiple parameters could be substituted for one formal parameter. The conversion process therefore considers only one actual per formal parameter. An issue for this has been raised at OMG and should be resolved by the next revision of the UML specification.</p>
+
+
+<h1>Some UML Basics</h1>
+
+<p>UML allows users to model generics via templates and template bindings. Section 17.5 of the UML superstructure specification describes all the constructs required to describe templates.</p>
+
+<p>Quoting from the UML superstructure specification...</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A TemplateableElement that has a template signature is a specification of a template. A template is a parameterized element that can be used to generate other model elements using TemplateBinding relationships. TemplateableElements can have template signatures and template bindings. Thus a templateable element may be both a template and a bound element. The template parameters for the template signature specify the formal parameters that will be substituted by actual parameters in a binding.
+</p><p>
+A template cannot be used in the same manner as a non-template element of the same kind. The template element can only be used to generate bound elements or as part of the specification of another template. A bound element is an ordinary element and can be used in the same manner as a non-bound element of the same kind. This is an important point since it means that a template class cannot be used as the type of a typed element.
+</p><p>
+ParameterableElement is an element that can be exposed as a formal template parameter for a template or specified as an actual parameter in a binding of a template. A ParameterableElement may be part of the definition of a template parameter. In an element bound to the template, any use of the template parameter will be substituted by the use of the actual parameter. If a ParameterableElement is exposed as a template parameter, then parameterable element is only meaningful within the template.
+</p><p>
+A TemplateBinding represents a relationship between a templateable element and a template. A template binding specifies the substitutions of actual parameters for the formal parameters of the template. The presence of a template binding relationship implies the same semantics as if the contents of the template owning the target template signature were copied into the bound element, substituting and elements exposed as formal template parameters by the corresponding elements specified as actual parameters in the binding.
+</p></blockquote>
+<p>The kinds of UML metatypes that can be templateable are Classifier (Class, Component etc.), Operation, Package and less commonly, Property, and StringExpression.
+</p><p>
+Neither Ecore nor Java has this template binding concept so having a firm grasp of the UML metamodel is important if you are only familiar with generics in Java.
+</p>
+
+<h1>The Ecore Meta-Model</h1>
+
+<p>The following diagram showing a subset of the Ecore metamodel (highlighting generics) will be used as a reference when describing the UML to Ecore mapping.
+</p>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image003.png"/><br/>Figure 1: Ecore meta-model</div>
+
+<p>With this metamodel in mind, we can mention several interesting points:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>ETypeParameter correspond roughly to TemplateParameter in UML.</li>
+<li>EGenericType has no direct mapping to UML</li>
+<li>EGenericType can be specified by setting its eClassifier or eTypeParameter property.</li>
+<li>EOperation and EClassifier can be parameterized with ETypeParameter. Similarly, Operation and Classifier in UML can have a template signature with parameters.</li>
+<li>EClass can have eGenericSuperTypes. That is, supertypes of some EClass can be represented by some EGenericType.</li>
+<li>ETypedElement can have some EGenericType as a type.</li>
+<li>ETypeParameter can have bounds which are of type EGenericType.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>If you wish to follow along with the examples and experiment on your own, you should first enable the showing of generics for your Ecore model.</p>
+
+<p>Showing of generics is enabled from the "Sample Ecore Editor" menu when the Ecore editor is being used: From the toolbar, select "Sample Ecore Editor > Show Generics".</p>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image005.png"></div>
+
+<p>Further details on working with generics in EMF can be found at <a href="http://wiki.eclipse.org/EMF_2.3_Generics">http://wiki.eclipse.org/EMF_2.3_Generics</a>.</p>
+
+
+Case Studies
+
+<div class="note">
+ <table class="note-table">
+
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td><img alt="[Note]" src="../images/tip.gif"></td>
+ <td>
+ <p>If you are familiar with generics in Java and you just want to discover how to create the equivalent UML representation, I would recommend starting with the Ecore representation of your generically specified model. Then, convert your Ecore model to UML. The resulting UML model will have expanded all bindings, and any required stereotypes will be applied. The reason for starting with Ecore is that it is much easier to specify generics using Ecore and requires fewer constructs.</p>
+<ol>
+<li>In your development environment, ensure you have the UML examples plug-ins installed.</li>
+<li>Create an Ecore model using generics in Ecore. The resulting Ecore model should closely match the Java representation.</li>
+<li>From the sample Ecore editor, select the root package of your Ecore model.</li>
+<li>From the toolbar select "Sample Ecore Editor > Convert to UML Model..."</li></td>
+ </tr>
+
+ </tbody>
+ </table>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+<h2>Baby steps: Simple type parameter</h2>
+
+<p>Consider a simple case where we define a generic class with one property of some generic type.</p>
+<h3>Visually</h3>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image007.png"></div>
+<h3>Java</h3>
+<div class="code-block">1 public interface MyClass<E> extends EObject {
+2 E getMyProperty();
+3 void setMyProperty(E value);
+4 }
+</div>
+
+<div class="code-block">1 public class MyClassImpl<E> extends EObjectImpl implements MyClass<E> {
+2 protected E myProperty;
+3 }
+</div>
+<h3>Ecore</h3>
+
+<p>The Ecore representation would look like the following:</p>
+<table>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><img src="images/image009.png"/></td>
+<td><ol>
+<li>We create a simple EClass with an ETypeParameter E.</li>
+<li>We create an EReference whose type is an EGenericType with eTypeParameter set to E.</li>
+</ol>
+</td></tr></tbody></table>
+<h3>UML</h3>
+
+<p>As you can see, the UML representation is more verbose than the Ecore representation.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The UML representation creates a template by constructing a template signature owned by MyClass.</li>
+<li>The signature in this case has one template parameter E. </li>
+<li>The template parameter directly owns another class E and uses that class as its parametered element. </li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image011.gif"/></div>
+
+<p>The class E is the parametered element that will be the focus of bindings when we replace formal parameters with actual parameters. We can say that the template parameter exposes the parametered element (E in this case) as a formal parameter.</p>
+
+<p>You may have also noticed the <<eTypeParameter>> stereotype. The <<eTypeParameter>> stereotype contributes the concept of bounds to UML template parameters. In Ecore, generic bound types allow one to place constraints on the types of allowable substitutions. For example, one could express that substitutions for the template parameter must extend some particular classifier such as MyClass<? extends MyOtherClass>. This will be explored more in the following examples.</p>
+
+<h2>Baby steps: Creating a generic type</h2>
+
+<p>In a little more realistic example, we might have something like the following.</p>
+<h3>Visually</h3>
+
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image012.png"/> <img src="images/image014.png"/></div>
+
+<h3>Java</h3>
+
+<div class="code-block">1 public interface List<E> extends EObject {
+2 void add(E x);
+3 Iterator<E> iterator();
+4 } </div>
+
+<div class="code-block">1 public interface Iterator<E> extends EObject {
+2 E next();
+3 boolean hasNext();
+4 } </div>
+
+
+<h3>Ecore</h3>
+
+<table>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><img src="images/image016.png"/></td>
+<td><ol>
+
+ <li>We create an ETypeParameter for the EClass List</li>
+<li>We create an EOperation add() with a parameter x of EGenericType E.</li>
+ <li> 3. We create another EOperation iterator() of return type Iterator<E>. Here the return type is an EGenericType whose eClassifier is set to Iterator<E>. The EGenericType has an eTypeAgrument (EGenericType) whose eTypeParameter is set to E.</li>
+ <li> 4. The Iterator is similarly specified.</li>
+</ol></td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+<h3>UML</h3>
+
+<p>The main elements in the UML representation are: a class called List, a class called Iterator and a newly introduced class called Iterator_E, see below.
+</p>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image018.gif"/></div>
+<p>You might be scratching your head about Iterator_E. This construct is required because the class List has an operation that returns an iterator that is bound to the same element passed as an argument to List itself. UML does not allow us to use templates as the type of an element, therefore we need to create a new bound class: Iterator_E.</p>
+
+<p>The template parameter substitution for Iterator_E above has the following binding:</p>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image019.gif"/></div>
+
+
+<p>The formal template parameter for Iterator<E> is bound to the actual parameter E of List.</p>
+
+
+<h2>Basics: Binding to a generic class</h2>
+
+<p>Lets put together some of the basic ideas we have already explored. In this example, ArrayList<E> is a generic array list whose super type is the generic List<E>. In UML we require the creation of the concrete type List_E with its bindings set up. In addition, TestClass has a property which is an ArrayList of Cars. Again, we create a new class ArrayList_Car with bindings set up to the class Car.</p>
+<h3>Visually</h3>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image021.png"/></div>
+
+<h3>Java</h3>
+
+<p>The TestClass class:</p>
+
+<div class="code-block">1 public interface TestClass extends EObject {
+2 ArrayList<Car> getMyCars();
+3 } </div>
+
+
+<div class="code-block">1 public class TestClassImpl extends EObjectImpl implements TestClass {
+2 protected ArrayList<Car> myCars;
+3 }</div>
+
+
+
+<p>The ArrayList class:</p>
+
+<div class="code-block">1 public interface ArrayList<E> extends List<E> {
+2 } </div>
+
+
+
+<div class="code-block">1 public class ArrayListImpl<E> extends ListImpl<E> implements ArrayList<E> {
+2 protected ArrayListImpl() {
+3 super();
+4 }
+5 } </div>
+
+
+<h3>Ecore</h3>
+<div class="figure">
+<img style="margin:10px" src="images/image022.png"/>
+<img style="margin:10px" src="images/image024.png"/>
+<img style="margin:10px" src="images/image026.png"/>
+<img style="margin:10px" src="images/image028.png"/>
+<img style="margin:10px" src="images/image030.png"/>
+</div>
+
+<h3>UML</h3>
+
+<div class="figure">
+<img style="margin:10px" src="images/image032.png"/>
+<img style="margin:10px" src="images/image034.png"/>
+<img style="margin:10px" src="images/image036.png"/>
+<img style="margin:10px" src="images/image038.png"/>
+<img style="margin:10px" src="images/image040.png"/>
+</div>
+
+<p>ArrayList is the specialization of the concrete List_E class where the formal template parameter E of List is substituted for the actual parameterable element E of ArrayList. These are the substitutions for the binding of List_E:</p>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image042.png"/></div>
+<p>The class ArrayList_Car substitutes the actual parameter Car for the exposed template parameter of E of ArrayList. These are the substitutions for the ArrayList_Car:</p>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image044.png"/></div>
+
+<h2>Basics: Operation with Template Parameter</h2>
+
+<p>In UML, operations are templateable elements. In this next example we will have a look at adding template parameters to an operation. The operation will have a template parameter T, and will return elements of type T. The operation will also have a parameter p1 of type T.</p>
+<h3>Visually</h3>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image046.png"/></div>
+<h3>Java</h3>
+<div class="code-block">1 public interface MyClass extends EObject {
+2 <T> T someOperation(T p1);
+3 }</div>
+
+<div class="code-block">1 public class MyClassImpl extends EObjectImpl implements MyClass {
+2 public <T> T someOperation(T p1) {
+3 //...
+4 }
+5 }</div>
+
+
+<h3>Ecore</h3>
+
+ <table>
+ <tbody>
+ <tr>
+ <td><img src="images/image048.png"/></td>
+ <td><ol>
+
+
+
+<li>MyClass has an EOperation called someOperation.</li>
+<li> The EOperation someOperation has an ETypeParameter T.</li>
+<li>The EOperation has a parameter p1 whose type is an EGenericType whose eTypeParameter is T.</li>
+<li>The EOperation has an EGenericType as its type, whose eTypeParameter is T.</li>
+</ol>
+</td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+
+<h3>UML</h3>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image050.png"/></div>
+
+
+
+<h2>Basics: Bound Operation Parameters</h2>
+
+<p>In this example we show an operation with two parameters that are lists of cars. As you might have guessed, the UML version will require an extra bound class.</p>
+<h3>Visually</h3>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image052.png"/></div>
+<h3>Java</h3>
+<div class="code-block">1 public interface MyClass2 extends EObject {
+2 void op1(List<Car> p1, List<Car> p2);
+3 }</div>
+
+
+<div class="code-block">1 public class MyClass2Impl extends EObjectImpl implements MyClass2 {
+2 public void op1(List<Car> p1, List<Car> p2) {
+3 //...
+4 }
+5 }</div>
+
+<h3>Ecore</h3>
+<table>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><div class="figure"><img src="images/image054.png"/></div></td>
+<td><ol>
+
+
+<li>We create an operation with parameter p1.</li>
+<li>Parameter p1 has as its type an EGenericType whose eClassifier is List<E>.</li>
+<li>The EGenericType of p1 has a type argument (EGenericType) whose eClassifier is set to Car</li>.
+</ol></td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+<h3>UML</h3>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image056.png"/></div>
+<p>The only important thing to point out here is that the bound List_Car is not duplicated in the UML representation. The bound List_Car is used in the context of MyClass2.</p>
+
+<h2>Advanced: Wildcards (specifying upper and lower bounds on parameters)</h2>
+
+<p>It is possible to specify wildcards when using parameters in Ecore and Java. Wildcards are represented by ?. The ? stands for an unknown type. It is possible to specify upper and lower bounds on such wildcards. When we talk about bounds, we refer to the ability to specify that bindings to a generic type parameter must either be the super type of some classifier or extend some classifier. In this way, tighter restrictions can be placed on acceptable bindings. In addition to tightening restrictions, upper bounds (extends) are particularly useful for ensuring that substitutions will have features that are required by the template for its behavior. For example, one might have List<E extends Comparable> because the list actually needs to be able to compare Es using the Comparable::compareTo(...) operation</p>
+<h3>Visually</h3>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image058.png"/></div>
+<h3>Java</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class="code-block">1 public class MyClass3Impl extends EObjectImpl implements MyClass3 {
+2 protected List<? extends Car> someReference;
+3 protected List<? super Car> anotherReference;
+4 }</div>
+<h3>Ecore</h3>
+<table>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><div class="figure"><img src="images/image060.png"/></div></td>
+<td><ol>
+
+<li>We create an EReference for someReference.</li>
+<li>We create an EGenericType for the type of someReference whose eClassifier is set to List<E></li>
+<li>The generic type of someReference has an eTypeArgument (an EGenericType) whose upper bound is set to Car.</li>
+</ol></td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+<h3>UML</h3>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image062.png"/></div>
+
+
+<p>If we focus on the someReference property, we see that we need to create a new class called Wildcard_extends_Car. This particular class has its stereotype property for the upper bound set to Car:</p>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image064.png"/></div>
+<p>Next, we see that another new class is created in order to bind the formal parameter of the generic List to classes of Wildcard_extends_Car:</p>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image066.png"/></div>
+
+<h2>Advanced: Type Parameters That Extend Multiple Classifiers</h2>
+
+<p>Type parameters in Ecore can also have bounds and in such cases it is possible to specify multiple upper bounds.</p>
+<h3>Visually</h3>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image068.png"/></div>
+<p>The interesting part is the bounds information stored in the stereotype (see below).</p>
+<h3>Java</h3>
+
+
+
+<div class="code-block">1 public interface MyClass4<P1 extends A & B> extends EObject {
+2 }</div>
+
+
+
+<div class="code-block">1 public class MyClass4Impl<P1 extends A & B> extends EObjectImpl implements MyClass4<P1> {
+2 }</div>
+<h3>Ecore</h3>
+<table>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><div class="figure"><img src="images/image070.png"/></div></td>
+<td><ul>
+
+<li>MyClass4 has an ETypeParameter P1.</li>
+<li>The ETypeParameter of P1 has its eBounds set to an EGenericType whose eClassifer is A and another EGenericType whose eClassifier is set to B.</li>
+</ul></td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+<h3>UML</h3>
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image072.png"/></div>
+
+
+<p>For the template parameter P1 we have to specify the bounds using the stereotype since multiple bounds on such parameters are not possible using UML:</p>
+
+<div class="figure"><img src="images/image074.png"/></div>
+
+
+<h1>Conclusion</h1>
+
+<p>Congratulations! Youve made it this far, if youve followed through the examples, you will no doubt have discovered that the UML representation is verbose and intricate in comparison to Ecore or Java. Hopefully, with a bit of practice, the UML representation will become second nature. This article really only scratches the surface of the intricate possible scenarios one may create when working with generics. By using templates in UML you can express and communicate your ideas more accurately, and code generated via conversion through Ecore will result in generically specified Java.</p>
+
+<p>For more information on UML2, visit the <a href="http://www.eclipse.org/modeling/mdt/?project=uml2">home page</a> or join the <a href="news://news.eclipse.org/eclipse.modeling.mdt.uml2">newsgroup</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h1>Acknowledgements</h1>
+
+<p>Thanks to Kenn Hussey, Ed Merks and Christian Damus for their thorough and careful reviews.</p>
+
+
+<h1>References</h1>
+
+ <p>[1] Unified Modeling Language: Superstructure, version 2.1.1; formal/2007-02-05. OMG.</p>
+
+ <p>[2] RTF Issue <a href="http://www.omg.org/issues/uml2-rtf.open.html#Issue9398">9398</a></p>
+
+</div>
+<div class="notices">
+Java and all Java-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States, other countries, or both.
+</div>
+</body>
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